6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.4.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.1]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
52 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
55 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
56 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
57 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
61 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
64 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
65 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
66 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
67 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
69 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
72 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
73 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
74 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
75 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
76 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
77 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
78 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
80 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
83 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
84 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
85 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
86 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
88 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
97 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
109 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
119 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
131 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
142 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
154 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
165 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
168 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
169 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
170 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
174 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
177 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
178 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
179 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
184 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
187 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
188 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
189 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
194 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
197 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
198 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
204 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
207 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
208 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
211 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
213 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
216 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
217 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
218 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
219 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
222 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
223 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
224 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
225 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
227 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
231 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
232 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
233 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
235 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
239 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
240 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
241 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
242 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
243 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
249 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
252 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
253 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
259 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
262 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
263 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
264 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
266 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
269 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
270 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
271 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
272 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
273 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
274 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
276 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
279 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
280 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
281 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
282 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
284 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
287 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
288 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
289 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
290 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
291 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
292 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
293 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
295 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
299 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
300 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
306 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
309 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
310 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
317 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
320 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
321 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
329 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
332 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
333 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
334 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
335 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
338 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
340 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
342 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
345 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
346 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
347 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
348 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
349 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
350 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
352 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
355 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
356 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
357 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
358 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
359 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
360 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
361 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
363 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
366 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
367 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
368 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
369 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
370 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
371 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
372 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
374 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
375 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
376 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
377 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
386 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
389 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
390 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
391 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
392 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
394 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
395 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
396 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
400 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
401 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
402 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
405 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
406 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
407 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
408 example the following invocations are equivalent:
410 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
411 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
414 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
415 given will override values from configuration files.
416 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
417 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
419 --exec-path[=<path>]::
420 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
421 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
422 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
423 the current setting and then exit.
426 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
427 documentation is installed and exit.
430 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
431 this version of Git and exit.
434 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
435 version of Git are installed and exit.
439 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
440 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
441 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
445 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
448 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
449 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
450 path or relative path to current working directory.
453 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
454 or a path relative to the current working directory.
455 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
456 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
457 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
458 more detailed discussion).
461 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
462 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
466 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
467 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
470 --no-replace-objects::
471 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
472 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
474 --literal-pathspecs::
475 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
476 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
480 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
481 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
482 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
486 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
487 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
488 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
492 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
493 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
498 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
499 ("plumbing") commands.
501 High-level commands (porcelain)
502 -------------------------------
504 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
505 ancillary user utilities.
507 Main porcelain commands
508 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
510 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
516 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
520 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
523 Interacting with Others
524 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
526 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
527 people via patch over e-mail.
529 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
532 Low-level commands (plumbing)
533 -----------------------------
535 Although Git includes its
536 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
537 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
538 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
539 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
541 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
542 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
543 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
544 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
545 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
548 The following description divides
549 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
550 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
551 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
555 Manipulation commands
556 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
558 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
561 Interrogation commands
562 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
564 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
566 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
570 Synching repositories
571 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
573 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
575 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
576 typically do not use them directly.
578 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
581 Internal helper commands
582 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
584 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
585 users typically do not use them directly.
587 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
590 Configuration Mechanism
591 -----------------------
593 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
594 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
599 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
604 ; Don't trust file modes
609 name = "Junio C Hamano"
610 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
614 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
615 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
616 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
619 Identifier Terminology
620 ----------------------
622 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
625 Indicates a blob object name.
628 Indicates a tree object name.
631 Indicates a commit object name.
634 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
635 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
636 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
637 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
640 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
641 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
642 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
643 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
646 Indicates that an object type is required.
647 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
650 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
651 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
655 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
659 indicates the head of the current branch.
663 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
667 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
669 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
670 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
673 File/Directory Structure
674 ------------------------
676 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
678 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
680 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
686 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
689 Environment Variables
690 ---------------------
691 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
695 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
696 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
697 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
700 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
701 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
704 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
705 If the object storage directory is specified via this
706 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
707 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
710 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
711 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
712 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
713 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
714 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
715 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
718 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
719 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
720 for the base of the repository.
721 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
724 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
725 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
726 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
729 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
730 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
732 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
733 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
734 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
735 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
736 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
737 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
738 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
739 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
740 might be present in order to compare them with the current
741 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
742 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
743 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
745 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
747 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
748 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
749 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
750 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
751 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
752 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
753 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
754 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
762 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
763 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
764 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
766 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
771 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
772 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
773 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
774 value passed on the Git diff command line.
776 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
777 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
778 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
779 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
780 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
782 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
786 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
787 contents of <old|new>,
788 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
789 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
791 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
792 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
793 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
794 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
795 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
797 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
802 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
803 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
804 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
805 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
808 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
809 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
810 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
811 linkgit:git-config[1].
814 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
815 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
816 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
817 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
820 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
821 and 'git push' will use this command instead
822 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
823 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
824 four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
825 from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
826 remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
827 the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
828 than the default SSH port.
830 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
831 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
832 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
834 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
835 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
839 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
840 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
841 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
842 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
843 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
845 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
846 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
847 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
848 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
849 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
850 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
851 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
854 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
855 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
856 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
857 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
859 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
860 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
861 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
862 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
865 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
866 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
867 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
868 execution and external command execution.
869 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
870 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
871 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
872 trace messages into this file descriptor.
873 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
874 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
875 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
878 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
879 If this variable is set to a path, a file will be created at
880 the given path logging all accesses to any packs. For each
881 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
882 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
883 pack-related performance problems.
886 If this variable is set, it shows a trace of all packets
887 coming in or out of a given program. This can help with
888 debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing
889 is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK".
891 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
892 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
893 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
894 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
895 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
896 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
897 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
898 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
901 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
902 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
904 GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS::
905 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
906 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
908 GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS::
909 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
910 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
913 Discussion[[Discussion]]
914 ------------------------
916 More detail on the following is available from the
917 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
918 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
920 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
921 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
922 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
923 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
924 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
925 as tags and branch heads.
927 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
928 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
929 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
930 and some number of parent commits.
932 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
933 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
934 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
935 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
937 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
938 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
939 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
940 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
943 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
944 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
946 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
947 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
948 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
949 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
950 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
951 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
953 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
954 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
955 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
956 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
957 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
958 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
959 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
960 content stored in the index.
962 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
963 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
964 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
966 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
967 ---------------------
969 See the references in the "description" section to get started
970 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
971 for a first-time user.
973 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
974 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
975 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
977 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
979 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
982 The internals are documented in the
983 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
985 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
986 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
991 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
992 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
993 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
994 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
996 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
997 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
998 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1003 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1004 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1005 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1009 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1010 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1011 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1012 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1013 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1017 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite