6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.3.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.2]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
51 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
53 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
56 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
57 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
61 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
64 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
65 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
66 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
67 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
68 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
69 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
70 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
72 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
75 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
76 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
77 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
78 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
80 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
89 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
101 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
111 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
123 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
131 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
134 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
146 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
157 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
166 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
169 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
170 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
176 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
179 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
186 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
189 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
196 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
205 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
208 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
211 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
212 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
213 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
214 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
215 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
216 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
217 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
219 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
223 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
224 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
225 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
227 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
231 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
232 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
233 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
234 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
235 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
236 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
239 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
241 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
248 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
249 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
251 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
258 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
261 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
262 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
263 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
264 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
266 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
268 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
271 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
272 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
273 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
274 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
276 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
279 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
280 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
281 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
282 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
283 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
284 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
285 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
287 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
298 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
309 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
317 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
318 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
319 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
321 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
328 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
329 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
330 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
331 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
332 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
334 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
338 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
340 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
341 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
342 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
344 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
347 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
348 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
349 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
350 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
351 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
352 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
353 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
355 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
358 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
359 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
360 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
361 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
362 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
363 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
364 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
366 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
367 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
368 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
369 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
378 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
381 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
382 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
383 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
384 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
386 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
387 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
388 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
392 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
393 given will override values from configuration files.
394 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
395 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
397 --exec-path[=<path>]::
398 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
399 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
400 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
401 the current setting and then exit.
404 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
405 documentation is installed and exit.
408 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
409 this version of Git and exit.
412 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
413 version of Git are installed and exit.
417 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
418 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
419 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
423 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
426 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
427 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
428 path or relative path to current working directory.
431 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
432 or a path relative to the current working directory.
433 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
434 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
435 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
436 more detailed discussion).
439 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
440 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
444 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
445 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
448 --no-replace-objects::
449 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
450 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
452 --literal-pathspecs::
453 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
454 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
458 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
459 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
460 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
464 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
465 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
466 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
470 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
471 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
476 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
477 ("plumbing") commands.
479 High-level commands (porcelain)
480 -------------------------------
482 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
483 ancillary user utilities.
485 Main porcelain commands
486 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
488 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
494 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
498 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
501 Interacting with Others
502 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
504 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
505 people via patch over e-mail.
507 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
510 Low-level commands (plumbing)
511 -----------------------------
513 Although Git includes its
514 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
515 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
516 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
517 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
519 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
520 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
521 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
522 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
523 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
526 The following description divides
527 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
528 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
529 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
533 Manipulation commands
534 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
536 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
539 Interrogation commands
540 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
542 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
544 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
548 Synching repositories
549 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
551 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
553 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
554 typically do not use them directly.
556 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
559 Internal helper commands
560 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
562 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
563 users typically do not use them directly.
565 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
568 Configuration Mechanism
569 -----------------------
571 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
572 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
577 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
582 ; Don't trust file modes
587 name = "Junio C Hamano"
588 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
592 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
593 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
594 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
597 Identifier Terminology
598 ----------------------
600 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
603 Indicates a blob object name.
606 Indicates a tree object name.
609 Indicates a commit object name.
612 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
613 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
614 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
615 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
618 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
619 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
620 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
621 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
624 Indicates that an object type is required.
625 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
628 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
629 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
633 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
637 indicates the head of the current branch.
641 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
645 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
647 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
648 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
651 File/Directory Structure
652 ------------------------
654 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
656 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
658 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
664 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
667 Environment Variables
668 ---------------------
669 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
673 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
674 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
675 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
678 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
679 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
682 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
683 If the object storage directory is specified via this
684 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
685 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
688 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
689 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
690 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
691 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
692 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
693 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
696 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
697 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
698 for the base of the repository.
699 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
702 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
703 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
704 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
707 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
708 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
710 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
711 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
712 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
713 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
714 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
715 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
716 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
717 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
718 might be present in order to compare them with the current
719 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
720 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
721 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
723 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
725 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
726 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
727 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
728 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
729 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
730 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
731 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
732 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
740 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
741 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
742 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
744 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
749 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
750 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
751 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
752 value passed on the Git diff command line.
754 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
755 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
756 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
757 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
758 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
760 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
764 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
765 contents of <old|new>,
766 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
767 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
769 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
770 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
771 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
772 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
773 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
775 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
780 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
781 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
782 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
783 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
786 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
787 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
788 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
789 linkgit:git-config[1].
792 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
793 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
794 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
795 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
798 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
799 and 'git push' will use this command instead
800 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
801 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
802 four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
803 from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
804 remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
805 the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
806 than the default SSH port.
808 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
809 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
810 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
812 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
813 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
817 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
818 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
819 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
820 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
821 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
823 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
824 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
825 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
826 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
827 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
828 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
829 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
832 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
833 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
834 'git check-attr', 'git check-ignore', and 'git whatchanged' will
835 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
837 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
838 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
839 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
840 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
843 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
844 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
845 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
846 execution and external command execution.
847 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
848 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
849 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
850 trace messages into this file descriptor.
851 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
852 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
853 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
856 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
857 If this variable is set to a path, a file will be created at
858 the given path logging all accesses to any packs. For each
859 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
860 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
861 pack-related performance problems.
864 If this variable is set, it shows a trace of all packets
865 coming in or out of a given program. This can help with
866 debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing
867 is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK".
869 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
870 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
871 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
872 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
873 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
874 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
875 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
876 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
879 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
880 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
882 GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS::
883 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
884 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
886 GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS::
887 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
888 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
891 Discussion[[Discussion]]
892 ------------------------
894 More detail on the following is available from the
895 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
896 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
898 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
899 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
900 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
901 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
902 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
903 as tags and branch heads.
905 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
906 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
907 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
908 and some number of parent commits.
910 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
911 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
912 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
913 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
915 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
916 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
917 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
918 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
921 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
922 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
924 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
925 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
926 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
927 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
928 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
929 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
931 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
932 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
933 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
934 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
935 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
936 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
937 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
938 content stored in the index.
940 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
941 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
942 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
944 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
945 ---------------------
947 See the references in the "description" section to get started
948 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
949 for a first-time user.
951 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
952 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
953 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
955 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
957 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
960 The internals are documented in the
961 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
963 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
964 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
969 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
970 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
971 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
972 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
974 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
975 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
976 the authors for specific parts of the project.
981 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
982 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
983 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
987 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
988 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
989 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
990 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
991 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
995 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite