6 git-rebase - Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head
11 'git-rebase' [-i | --interactive] [-v | --verbose] [--merge] [-C<n>]
12 [--onto <newbase>] <upstream> [<branch>]
13 'git-rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort
17 If <branch> is specified, git-rebase will perform an automatic
18 `git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise
19 it remains on the current branch.
21 All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not
22 in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set
23 of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD`.
25 The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the
26 --onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as
27 `git reset --hard <upstream>` (or <newbase>).
29 The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are
30 then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order.
32 It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being
33 completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure
34 and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit
35 that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To restore the
36 original <branch> and remove the .dotest working files, use the command
37 `git rebase --abort` instead.
39 Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic":
47 From this point, the result of either of the following commands:
51 git-rebase master topic
61 The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic`
62 followed by `git rebase master`.
64 Here is how you would transplant a topic branch based on one
65 branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch
66 from the latter branch, using `rebase --onto`.
68 First let's assume your 'topic' is based on branch 'next'.
69 For example feature developed in 'topic' depends on some
70 functionality which is found in 'next'.
73 o---o---o---o---o master
75 o---o---o---o---o next
80 We would want to make 'topic' forked from branch 'master',
81 for example because the functionality 'topic' branch depend on
82 got merged into more stable 'master' branch, like this:
85 o---o---o---o---o master
89 o---o---o---o---o next
92 We can get this using the following command:
94 git-rebase --onto master next topic
97 Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a
98 branch. If we have the following situation:
110 git-rebase --onto master topicA topicB
122 This is useful when topicB does not depend on topicA.
124 A range of commits could also be removed with rebase. If we have
125 the following situation:
128 E---F---G---H---I---J topicA
133 git-rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~2 topicA
135 would result in the removal of commits F and G:
138 E---H'---I'---J' topicA
141 This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be
142 part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream>
143 parameter can be any valid commit-ish.
145 In case of conflict, git-rebase will stop at the first problematic commit
146 and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use git diff to locate
147 the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each
148 file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved,
149 typically this would be done with
155 After resolving the conflict manually and updating the index with the
156 desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with
159 git rebase --continue
162 Alternatively, you can undo the git-rebase with
170 Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the
171 --onto option is not specified, the starting point is
172 <upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an
173 existing branch name.
176 Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit,
177 not just an existing branch name.
180 Working branch; defaults to HEAD.
183 Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict.
186 Restore the original branch and abort the rebase operation.
189 Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch.
192 Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge
193 strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the
196 -s <strategy>, \--strategy=<strategy>::
197 Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than
198 once to specify them in the order they should be tried.
199 If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies
200 is used instead (`git-merge-recursive` when merging a single
201 head, `git-merge-octopus` otherwise). This implies --merge.
204 Display a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase.
207 Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before
208 and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding
209 context exist they all must match. By default no context is
213 Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the
214 user edit that list before rebasing.
216 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
220 When you rebase a branch, you are changing its history in a way that
221 will cause problems for anyone who already has a copy of the branch
222 in their repository and tries to pull updates from you. You should
223 understand the implications of using 'git rebase' on a repository that
226 When the git rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase"
227 hook if one exists. You can use this hook to do sanity checks and
228 reject the rebase if it isn't appropriate. Please see the template
229 pre-rebase hook script for an example.
231 You must be in the top directory of your project to start (or continue)
232 a rebase. Upon completion, <branch> will be the current branch.
237 Rebasing interactively means that you have a chance to edit the commits
238 which are rebased. You can reorder the commits, and you can
239 remove them (weeding out bad or otherwise unwanted patches).
241 The interactive mode is meant for this type of workflow:
243 1. have a wonderful idea
245 3. prepare a series for submission
248 where point 2. consists of several instances of
251 1. finish something worthy of a commit
254 1. realize that something does not work
258 Sometimes the thing fixed in b.2. cannot be amended to the not-quite
259 perfect commit it fixes, because that commit is buried deeply in a
260 patch series. That is exactly what interactive rebase is for: use it
261 after plenty of "a"s and "b"s, by rearranging and editing
262 commits, and squashing multiple commits into one.
264 Start it with the last commit you want to retain as-is:
266 git rebase -i <after-this-commit>
268 An editor will be fired up with all the commits in your current branch
269 (ignoring merge commits), which come after the given commit. You can
270 reorder the commits in this list to your heart's content, and you can
271 remove them. The list looks more or less like this:
273 -------------------------------------------
274 pick deadbee The oneline of this commit
275 pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit
277 -------------------------------------------
279 The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; `git-rebase` will
280 not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this
281 example), so do not delete or edit the names.
283 By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell
284 `git-rebase` to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit
285 the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue
288 If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command
289 "pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit. If the
290 commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to
291 the author of the last commit.
293 In both cases, or when a "pick" does not succeed (because of merge
294 errors), the loop will stop to let you fix things, and you can continue
295 the loop with `git rebase --continue`.
297 For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what
298 was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call
299 `git-rebase` like this:
301 ----------------------
302 $ git rebase -i HEAD~5
303 ----------------------
305 And move the first patch to the end of the list.
309 Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> and
310 Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>
314 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
318 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite