6 git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file
11 'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] [-L n,m]
12 [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>]
13 [<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>] [--] <file>
18 Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which
19 last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision.
21 The command can also limit the range of lines annotated.
23 The report does not tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or
24 replaced; you need to use a tool such as 'git diff' or the "pickaxe"
25 interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph.
27 Apart from supporting file annotation, git also supports searching the
28 development history for when a code snippet occurred in a change. This makes it
29 possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied
30 between files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for
31 a text string in the diff. A small example:
33 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
34 $ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage'
35 5040f17eba15504bad66b14a645bddd9b015ebb7 blame -S <ancestry-file>
36 ea4c7f9bf69e781dd0cd88d2bccb2bf5cc15c9a7 git-blame: Make the output
37 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
41 include::blame-options.txt[]
44 Use the same output mode as linkgit:git-annotate[1] (Default: off).
47 Include debugging information related to the movement of
48 lines between files (see `-C`) and lines moved within a
49 file (see `-M`). The first number listed is the score.
50 This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected
51 as having been moved between or within files. This must be above
52 a certain threshold for 'git blame' to consider those lines
53 of code to have been moved.
57 Show the filename in the original commit. By default
58 the filename is shown if there is any line that came from a
59 file with a different name, due to rename detection.
63 Show the line number in the original commit (Default: off).
66 Suppress the author name and timestamp from the output.
69 Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent's version and
70 the child's to find where the lines came from.
76 In this format, each line is output after a header; the
77 header at the minimum has the first line which has:
79 - 40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to;
80 - the line number of the line in the original file;
81 - the line number of the line in the final file;
82 - on a line that starts a group of lines from a different
83 commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this
84 group. On subsequent lines this field is absent.
86 This header line is followed by the following information
87 at least once for each commit:
89 - the author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time
90 ("author-time"), and timezone ("author-tz"); similarly
92 - the filename in the commit that the line is attributed to.
93 - the first line of the commit log message ("summary").
95 The contents of the actual line is output after the above
96 header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more
97 header elements later.
103 Unlike 'git blame' and 'git annotate' in older versions of git, the extent
104 of the annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision
105 ranges. When you are interested in finding the origin for
106 lines 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use the `-L` option like so
107 (they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at
110 git blame -L 40,60 foo
111 git blame -L 40,+21 foo
113 Also you can use a regular expression to specify the line range:
115 git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo
117 which limits the annotation to the body of the `hello` subroutine.
119 When you are not interested in changes older than version
120 v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision
121 range specifiers similar to 'git rev-list':
123 git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo
124 git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo
126 When revision range specifiers are used to limit the annotation,
127 lines that have not changed since the range boundary (either the
128 commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3
129 weeks old in the above example) are blamed for that range
132 A particularly useful way is to see if an added file has lines
133 created by copy-and-paste from existing files. Sometimes this
134 indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not
135 refactor the code properly. You can first find the commit that
136 introduced the file with:
138 git log --diff-filter=A --pretty=short -- foo
140 and then annotate the change between the commit and its
141 parents, using `commit{caret}!` notation:
143 git blame -C -C -f $commit^! -- foo
149 When called with `--incremental` option, the command outputs the
150 result as it is built. The output generally will talk about
151 lines touched by more recent commits first (i.e. the lines will
152 be annotated out of order) and is meant to be used by
155 The output format is similar to the Porcelain format, but it
156 does not contain the actual lines from the file that is being
159 . Each blame entry always starts with a line of:
161 <40-byte hex sha1> <sourceline> <resultline> <num_lines>
163 Line numbers count from 1.
165 . The first time that a commit shows up in the stream, it has various
166 other information about it printed out with a one-word tag at the
167 beginning of each line describing the extra commit information (author,
168 email, committer, dates, summary, etc.).
170 . Unlike the Porcelain format, the filename information is always
171 given and terminates the entry:
173 "filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here>
175 and thus it is really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented
176 parser (which should be quite natural for most scripting languages).
179 For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any
180 lines between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines)
181 where you do not recognize the tag words (or care about that particular
182 one) at the beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if
183 there is ever added information (like the commit encoding or extended
184 commit commentary), a blame viewer will not care.
190 include::mailmap.txt[]
195 linkgit:git-annotate[1]
199 Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
203 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite