6 git-rebase - Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head
11 'git-rebase' [-i | --interactive] [-v | --verbose] [-m | --merge]
12 [-s <strategy> | --strategy=<strategy>]
13 [-C<n>] [ --whitespace=<option>] [-p | --preserve-merges]
14 [--onto <newbase>] <upstream> [<branch>]
15 'git-rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort
19 If <branch> is specified, git-rebase will perform an automatic
20 `git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise
21 it remains on the current branch.
23 All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not
24 in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set
25 of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD`.
27 The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the
28 --onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as
29 `git reset --hard <upstream>` (or <newbase>).
31 The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are
32 then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order. Note that
33 any commits in HEAD which introduce the same textual changes as a commit
34 in HEAD..<upstream> are omitted (i.e., a patch already accepted upstream
35 with a different commit message or timestamp will be skipped).
37 It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being
38 completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure
39 and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit
40 that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To restore the
41 original <branch> and remove the .dotest working files, use the command
42 `git rebase --abort` instead.
44 Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic":
52 From this point, the result of either of the following commands:
56 git-rebase master topic
66 The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic`
67 followed by `git rebase master`.
69 If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g.,
70 because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit
71 will be skipped. For example, running `git-rebase master` on the
72 following history (in which A' and A introduce the same set of changes,
73 but have different committer information):
89 Here is how you would transplant a topic branch based on one
90 branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch
91 from the latter branch, using `rebase --onto`.
93 First let's assume your 'topic' is based on branch 'next'.
94 For example feature developed in 'topic' depends on some
95 functionality which is found in 'next'.
98 o---o---o---o---o master
100 o---o---o---o---o next
105 We would want to make 'topic' forked from branch 'master',
106 for example because the functionality 'topic' branch depend on
107 got merged into more stable 'master' branch, like this:
110 o---o---o---o---o master
114 o---o---o---o---o next
117 We can get this using the following command:
119 git-rebase --onto master next topic
122 Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a
123 branch. If we have the following situation:
135 git-rebase --onto master topicA topicB
147 This is useful when topicB does not depend on topicA.
149 A range of commits could also be removed with rebase. If we have
150 the following situation:
153 E---F---G---H---I---J topicA
158 git-rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA
160 would result in the removal of commits F and G:
163 E---H'---I'---J' topicA
166 This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be
167 part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream>
168 parameter can be any valid commit-ish.
170 In case of conflict, git-rebase will stop at the first problematic commit
171 and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use git diff to locate
172 the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each
173 file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved,
174 typically this would be done with
180 After resolving the conflict manually and updating the index with the
181 desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with
184 git rebase --continue
187 Alternatively, you can undo the git-rebase with
195 Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the
196 --onto option is not specified, the starting point is
197 <upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an
198 existing branch name.
201 Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit,
202 not just an existing branch name.
205 Working branch; defaults to HEAD.
208 Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict.
211 Restore the original branch and abort the rebase operation.
214 Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch.
217 Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge
218 strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the
221 -s <strategy>, \--strategy=<strategy>::
222 Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than
223 once to specify them in the order they should be tried.
224 If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies
225 is used instead (`git-merge-recursive` when merging a single
226 head, `git-merge-octopus` otherwise). This implies --merge.
229 Display a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase.
232 Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before
233 and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding
234 context exist they all must match. By default no context is
237 --whitespace=<nowarn|warn|error|error-all|strip>::
238 This flag is passed to the `git-apply` program
239 (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch.
242 Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the
243 user edit that list before rebasing. This mode can also be used to
244 split commits (see SPLITTING COMMITS below).
246 -p, \--preserve-merges::
247 Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them. This option
248 only works in interactive mode.
250 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
254 When you rebase a branch, you are changing its history in a way that
255 will cause problems for anyone who already has a copy of the branch
256 in their repository and tries to pull updates from you. You should
257 understand the implications of using 'git rebase' on a repository that
260 When the git rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase"
261 hook if one exists. You can use this hook to do sanity checks and
262 reject the rebase if it isn't appropriate. Please see the template
263 pre-rebase hook script for an example.
265 You must be in the top directory of your project to start (or continue)
266 a rebase. Upon completion, <branch> will be the current branch.
271 Rebasing interactively means that you have a chance to edit the commits
272 which are rebased. You can reorder the commits, and you can
273 remove them (weeding out bad or otherwise unwanted patches).
275 The interactive mode is meant for this type of workflow:
277 1. have a wonderful idea
279 3. prepare a series for submission
282 where point 2. consists of several instances of
285 1. finish something worthy of a commit
288 1. realize that something does not work
292 Sometimes the thing fixed in b.2. cannot be amended to the not-quite
293 perfect commit it fixes, because that commit is buried deeply in a
294 patch series. That is exactly what interactive rebase is for: use it
295 after plenty of "a"s and "b"s, by rearranging and editing
296 commits, and squashing multiple commits into one.
298 Start it with the last commit you want to retain as-is:
300 git rebase -i <after-this-commit>
302 An editor will be fired up with all the commits in your current branch
303 (ignoring merge commits), which come after the given commit. You can
304 reorder the commits in this list to your heart's content, and you can
305 remove them. The list looks more or less like this:
307 -------------------------------------------
308 pick deadbee The oneline of this commit
309 pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit
311 -------------------------------------------
313 The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; `git-rebase` will
314 not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this
315 example), so do not delete or edit the names.
317 By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell
318 `git-rebase` to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit
319 the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue
322 If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command
323 "pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit. If the
324 commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to
325 the author of the first commit.
327 In both cases, or when a "pick" does not succeed (because of merge
328 errors), the loop will stop to let you fix things, and you can continue
329 the loop with `git rebase --continue`.
331 For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what
332 was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call
333 `git-rebase` like this:
335 ----------------------
336 $ git rebase -i HEAD~5
337 ----------------------
339 And move the first patch to the end of the list.
341 You might want to preserve merges, if you have a history like this:
351 Suppose you want to rebase the side branch starting at "A" to "Q". Make
352 sure that the current HEAD is "B", and call
354 -----------------------------
355 $ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O
356 -----------------------------
362 In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However,
363 this does not necessarily mean that 'git rebase' expects the result of this
364 edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can
365 add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two:
367 - Start an interactive rebase with 'git rebase -i <commit>^', where
368 <commit> is the commit you want to split. In fact, any commit range
369 will do, as long as it contains that commit.
371 - Mark the commit you want to split with the action "edit".
373 - When it comes to editing that commit, execute 'git reset HEAD^'. The
374 effect is that the HEAD is rewound by one, and the index follows suit.
375 However, the working tree stays the same.
377 - Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first
378 commit. You can use linkgit:git-add[1] (possibly interactively) and/or
379 linkgit:git-gui[1] to do that.
381 - Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate
384 - Repeat the last two steps until your working tree is clean.
386 - Continue the rebase with 'git rebase --continue'.
388 If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are
389 consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use
390 linkgit:git-stash[1] to stash away the not-yet-committed changes
391 after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary.
396 Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> and
397 Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>
401 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
405 Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite