6 git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file
11 'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-p] [-w] [--incremental]
12 [-L <range>] [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>]
13 [--ignore-rev <rev>] [--ignore-revs-file <file>]
14 [--progress] [--abbrev=<n>] [<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>..<rev>]
20 Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which
21 last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision.
23 When specified one or more times, `-L` restricts annotation to the requested
26 The origin of lines is automatically followed across whole-file
27 renames (currently there is no option to turn the rename-following
28 off). To follow lines moved from one file to another, or to follow
29 lines that were copied and pasted from another file, etc., see the
30 `-C` and `-M` options.
32 The report does not tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or
33 replaced; you need to use a tool such as 'git diff' or the "pickaxe"
34 interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph.
36 Apart from supporting file annotation, Git also supports searching the
37 development history for when a code snippet occurred in a change. This makes it
38 possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied
39 between files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for
40 a text string in the diff. A small example of the pickaxe interface
41 that searches for `blame_usage`:
43 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
44 $ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage'
45 5040f17eba15504bad66b14a645bddd9b015ebb7 blame -S <ancestry-file>
46 ea4c7f9bf69e781dd0cd88d2bccb2bf5cc15c9a7 git-blame: Make the output
47 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
51 include::blame-options.txt[]
54 Use the same output mode as linkgit:git-annotate[1] (Default: off).
57 Include debugging information related to the movement of
58 lines between files (see `-C`) and lines moved within a
59 file (see `-M`). The first number listed is the score.
60 This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected
61 as having been moved between or within files. This must be above
62 a certain threshold for 'git blame' to consider those lines
63 of code to have been moved.
67 Show the filename in the original commit. By default
68 the filename is shown if there is any line that came from a
69 file with a different name, due to rename detection.
73 Show the line number in the original commit (Default: off).
76 Suppress the author name and timestamp from the output.
80 Show the author email instead of author name (Default: off).
81 This can also be controlled via the `blame.showEmail` config
85 Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent's version and
86 the child's to find where the lines came from.
89 Instead of using the default 7+1 hexadecimal digits as the
90 abbreviated object name, use <m>+1 digits, where <m> is at
91 least <n> but ensures the commit object names are unique.
93 is used for a caret to mark the boundary commit.
99 In this format, each line is output after a header; the
100 header at the minimum has the first line which has:
102 - 40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to;
103 - the line number of the line in the original file;
104 - the line number of the line in the final file;
105 - on a line that starts a group of lines from a different
106 commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this
107 group. On subsequent lines this field is absent.
109 This header line is followed by the following information
110 at least once for each commit:
112 - the author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time
113 ("author-time"), and time zone ("author-tz"); similarly
115 - the filename in the commit that the line is attributed to.
116 - the first line of the commit log message ("summary").
118 The contents of the actual line is output after the above
119 header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more
120 header elements later.
122 The porcelain format generally suppresses commit information that has
123 already been seen. For example, two lines that are blamed to the same
124 commit will both be shown, but the details for that commit will be shown
125 only once. This is more efficient, but may require more state be kept by
126 the reader. The `--line-porcelain` option can be used to output full
127 commit information for each line, allowing simpler (but less efficient)
130 # count the number of lines attributed to each author
131 git blame --line-porcelain file |
132 sed -n 's/^author //p' |
133 sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
139 Unlike 'git blame' and 'git annotate' in older versions of git, the extent
140 of the annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision
141 ranges. The `-L` option, which limits annotation to a range of lines, may be
142 specified multiple times.
144 When you are interested in finding the origin for
145 lines 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use the `-L` option like so
146 (they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at
149 git blame -L 40,60 foo
150 git blame -L 40,+21 foo
152 Also you can use a regular expression to specify the line range:
154 git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo
156 which limits the annotation to the body of the `hello` subroutine.
158 When you are not interested in changes older than version
159 v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision
160 range specifiers similar to 'git rev-list':
162 git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo
163 git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo
165 When revision range specifiers are used to limit the annotation,
166 lines that have not changed since the range boundary (either the
167 commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3
168 weeks old in the above example) are blamed for that range
171 A particularly useful way is to see if an added file has lines
172 created by copy-and-paste from existing files. Sometimes this
173 indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not
174 refactor the code properly. You can first find the commit that
175 introduced the file with:
177 git log --diff-filter=A --pretty=short -- foo
179 and then annotate the change between the commit and its
180 parents, using `commit^!` notation:
182 git blame -C -C -f $commit^! -- foo
188 When called with `--incremental` option, the command outputs the
189 result as it is built. The output generally will talk about
190 lines touched by more recent commits first (i.e. the lines will
191 be annotated out of order) and is meant to be used by
194 The output format is similar to the Porcelain format, but it
195 does not contain the actual lines from the file that is being
198 . Each blame entry always starts with a line of:
200 <40-byte hex sha1> <sourceline> <resultline> <num_lines>
202 Line numbers count from 1.
204 . The first time that a commit shows up in the stream, it has various
205 other information about it printed out with a one-word tag at the
206 beginning of each line describing the extra commit information (author,
207 email, committer, dates, summary, etc.).
209 . Unlike the Porcelain format, the filename information is always
210 given and terminates the entry:
212 "filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here>
214 and thus it is really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented
215 parser (which should be quite natural for most scripting languages).
218 For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any
219 lines between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines)
220 where you do not recognize the tag words (or care about that particular
221 one) at the beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if
222 there is ever added information (like the commit encoding or extended
223 commit commentary), a blame viewer will not care.
229 include::mailmap.txt[]
234 linkgit:git-annotate[1]
238 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite