6 gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions
16 This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI.
18 Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes
19 "tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their
20 arguments. Here are the rules:
22 * Revisions come first and then paths.
23 E.g. in `git diff v1.0 v2.0 arch/x86 include/asm-x86`,
24 `v1.0` and `v2.0` are revisions and `arch/x86` and `include/asm-x86`
27 * When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path,
28 they can be disambiguated by placing `--` between them.
29 E.g. `git diff -- HEAD` is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work
30 tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the index
31 and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show difference
32 between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say
33 `git diff HEAD --` to ask for the latter.
35 * Without disambiguating `--`, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors
36 out and asking you to disambiguate when ambiguous. E.g. if you have a
37 file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and
38 you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to
41 * Because `--` disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it
42 cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions.
43 You can use `--end-of-options` for this (it also works for commands
44 that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it
45 is simply an alias for `--`).
47 When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is
48 a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing
49 disambiguating `--` at appropriate places.
51 * Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect
52 them from getting globbed by the shell. These two mean different
55 --------------------------------
58 --------------------------------
60 The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking
61 the dot-C files in your working tree to be overwritten with the version
62 in the index. The latter passes the `*.c` to Git, and you are asking
63 the paths in the index that match the pattern to be checked out to your
64 working tree. After running `git add hello.c; rm hello.c`, you will _not_
65 see `hello.c` in your working tree with the former, but with the latter
68 * Just as the filesystem '.' (period) refers to the current directory,
69 using a '.' as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative
70 path and means your current repository.
72 Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are
75 * it's preferred to use the non-dashed form of Git commands, which means that
76 you should prefer `git foo` to `git-foo`.
78 * splitting short options to separate words (prefer `git foo -a -b`
79 to `git foo -ab`, the latter may not even work).
81 * when a command-line option takes an argument, use the 'stuck' form. In
82 other words, write `git foo -oArg` instead of `git foo -o Arg` for short
83 options, and `git foo --long-opt=Arg` instead of `git foo --long-opt Arg`
84 for long options. An option that takes optional option-argument must be
85 written in the 'stuck' form.
87 * when you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is
88 not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write
89 `git log -1 HEAD` but write `git log -1 HEAD --`; the former will not work
90 if you happen to have a file called `HEAD` in the work tree.
92 * many commands allow a long option `--option` to be abbreviated
93 only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option
94 whose name begins with `opt`, you may be able to spell `--opt` to
95 invoke the `--option` flag), but you should fully spell them out
96 when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a
97 new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. `--optimize`,
98 to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique.
101 ENHANCED OPTION PARSER
102 ----------------------
103 From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the
104 time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.
106 Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser.
111 Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a
112 couple of magic command-line options:
115 gives a pretty printed usage of the command.
117 ---------------------------------------------
119 usage: git describe [<options>] <commit-ish>*
120 or: git describe [<options>] --dirty
122 --contains find the tag that comes after the commit
123 --debug debug search strategy on stderr
125 --tags use any tag, even unannotated
126 --long always use long format
127 --abbrev[=<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s
128 ---------------------------------------------
130 Note that some subcommand (e.g. `git grep`) may behave differently
131 when there are things on the command line other than `-h`, but `git
132 subcmd -h` without anything else on the command line is meant to
133 consistently give the usage.
136 Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that
137 are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This
138 option gives the full list of options.
143 Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing `--no-`. For
144 example, `git branch` has the option `--track` which is 'on' by default. You
145 can use `--no-track` to override that behaviour. The same goes for `--color`
149 Aggregating short options
150 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
151 Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short
152 options. This means that you can for example use `git rm -rf` or
156 Abbreviating long options
157 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
158 Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique
159 prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this
160 with a caution. For example, `git commit --amen` behaves as if you
161 typed `git commit --amend`, but that is true only until a later version
162 of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix,
163 e.g. `git commit --amenity` option.
166 Separating argument from the option
167 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
168 You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate
169 word on the command line. That means that all the following uses work:
171 ----------------------------
172 $ git foo --long-opt=Arg
173 $ git foo --long-opt Arg
176 ----------------------------
178 However, this is *NOT* allowed for switches with an optional value, where the
179 'stuck' form must be used:
180 ----------------------------
181 $ git describe --abbrev HEAD # correct
182 $ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD # correct
183 $ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT
184 ----------------------------
187 NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS
188 ------------------------------------
190 Many commands that can work on files in the working tree
191 and/or in the index can take `--cached` and/or `--index`
192 options. Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because
193 the index was originally called cache, these two are
194 synonyms. They are *not* -- these two options mean very
197 * The `--cached` option is used to ask a command that
198 usually works on files in the working tree to *only* work
199 with the index. For example, `git grep`, when used
200 without a commit to specify from which commit to look for
201 strings in, usually works on files in the working tree,
202 but with the `--cached` option, it looks for strings in
205 * The `--index` option is used to ask a command that
206 usually works on files in the working tree to *also*
207 affect the index. For example, `git stash apply` usually
208 merges changes recorded in a stash entry to the working tree,
209 but with the `--index` option, it also merges changes to
212 `git apply` command can be used with `--cached` and
213 `--index` (but not at the same time). Usually the command
214 only affects the files in the working tree, but with
215 `--index`, it patches both the files and their index
216 entries, and with `--cached`, it modifies only the index
219 See also https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/ and
220 https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for further
223 Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or
224 in the index can take `--staged` and/or `--worktree`.
226 * `--staged` is exactly like `--cached`, which is used to ask a
227 command to only work on the index, not the working tree.
229 * `--worktree` is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the
230 working tree only, not the index.
232 * The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work
233 on both the index and the working tree.
237 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite