6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.4.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.3]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
51 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
52 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
54 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
57 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
60 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
61 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
63 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
66 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
67 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
68 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
69 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
71 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
74 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
75 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
76 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
77 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
78 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
79 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
80 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
82 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
85 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
86 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
87 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
88 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
90 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
99 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
111 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
121 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
131 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
133 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
144 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
156 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
167 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
170 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
176 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
179 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
186 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
189 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
196 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
204 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
206 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
211 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
212 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
213 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
215 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
218 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
219 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
222 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
223 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
224 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
225 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
226 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
227 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
229 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
232 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
233 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
234 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
235 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
237 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
240 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
241 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
242 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
243 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
248 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
249 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
251 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
258 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
259 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
261 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
264 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
266 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
267 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
268 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
271 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
272 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
273 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
274 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
275 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
276 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
278 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
281 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
282 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
283 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
284 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
286 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
289 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
290 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
291 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
292 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
293 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
294 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
295 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
297 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
300 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
308 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
317 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
319 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
328 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
329 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
331 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
334 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
335 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
338 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
340 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
341 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
342 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
344 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
347 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
348 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
349 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
350 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
351 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
352 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
354 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
357 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
358 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
359 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
360 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
361 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
362 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
363 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
365 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
368 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
369 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
370 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
371 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
372 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
373 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
374 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
376 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
377 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
378 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
379 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
388 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
391 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
392 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
393 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
394 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
396 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
397 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
398 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
402 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
403 given will override values from configuration files.
404 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
405 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
407 --exec-path[=<path>]::
408 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
409 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
410 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
411 the current setting and then exit.
414 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
415 documentation is installed and exit.
418 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
419 this version of Git and exit.
422 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
423 version of Git are installed and exit.
427 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
428 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
429 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
433 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
436 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
437 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
438 path or relative path to current working directory.
441 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
442 or a path relative to the current working directory.
443 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
444 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
445 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
446 more detailed discussion).
449 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
450 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
454 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
455 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
458 --no-replace-objects::
459 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
460 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
462 --literal-pathspecs::
463 Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is
464 equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
471 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
472 ("plumbing") commands.
474 High-level commands (porcelain)
475 -------------------------------
477 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
478 ancillary user utilities.
480 Main porcelain commands
481 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
483 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
489 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
493 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
496 Interacting with Others
497 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
499 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
500 people via patch over e-mail.
502 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
505 Low-level commands (plumbing)
506 -----------------------------
508 Although Git includes its
509 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
510 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
511 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
512 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
514 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
515 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
516 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
517 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
518 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
521 The following description divides
522 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
523 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
524 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
528 Manipulation commands
529 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
531 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
534 Interrogation commands
535 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
537 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
539 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
543 Synching repositories
544 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
546 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
548 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
549 typically do not use them directly.
551 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
554 Internal helper commands
555 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
557 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
558 users typically do not use them directly.
560 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
563 Configuration Mechanism
564 -----------------------
566 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
567 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
572 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
577 ; Don't trust file modes
582 name = "Junio C Hamano"
583 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
587 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
588 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
589 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
592 Identifier Terminology
593 ----------------------
595 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
598 Indicates a blob object name.
601 Indicates a tree object name.
604 Indicates a commit object name.
607 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
608 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
609 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
610 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
613 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
614 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
615 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
616 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
619 Indicates that an object type is required.
620 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
623 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
624 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
628 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
632 indicates the head of the current branch.
636 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
640 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
642 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
643 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
646 File/Directory Structure
647 ------------------------
649 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
651 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
653 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
659 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
662 Environment Variables
663 ---------------------
664 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
668 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
669 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
670 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
673 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
674 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
677 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
678 If the object storage directory is specified via this
679 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
680 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
683 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
684 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
685 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
686 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
687 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
688 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
691 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
692 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
693 for the base of the repository.
694 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
697 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
698 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
699 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
702 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
703 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
705 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
706 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
707 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
708 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
709 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
710 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
711 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
712 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
713 might be present in order to compare them with the current
714 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
715 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
716 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
718 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
720 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
721 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
722 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
723 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
724 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
725 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
726 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
727 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
735 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
736 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
737 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
739 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
744 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
745 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
746 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
747 value passed on the Git diff command line.
749 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
750 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
751 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
752 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
753 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
755 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
759 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
760 contents of <old|new>,
761 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
762 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
764 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
765 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
766 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
767 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
768 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
770 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
775 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
776 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
777 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
778 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
781 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
782 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
783 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
784 linkgit:git-config[1].
787 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
788 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
789 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
790 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
793 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
794 and 'git push' will use this command instead
795 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
796 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
797 four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
798 from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
799 remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
800 the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
801 than the default SSH port.
803 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
804 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
805 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
807 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
808 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
812 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
813 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
814 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
815 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
816 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
818 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
819 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
820 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
821 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
822 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
823 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
824 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
827 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
828 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
829 'git check-attr', 'git check-ignore', and 'git whatchanged' will
830 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
832 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
833 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
834 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
835 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
838 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
839 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
840 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
841 execution and external command execution.
842 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
843 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
844 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
845 trace messages into this file descriptor.
846 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
847 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
848 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
851 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
852 If this variable is set to a path, a file will be created at
853 the given path logging all accesses to any packs. For each
854 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
855 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
856 pack-related performance problems.
859 If this variable is set, it shows a trace of all packets
860 coming in or out of a given program. This can help with
861 debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing
862 is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK".
864 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
865 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
866 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
867 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
868 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
869 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
870 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
871 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
874 Discussion[[Discussion]]
875 ------------------------
877 More detail on the following is available from the
878 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
879 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
881 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
882 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
883 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
884 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
885 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
886 as tags and branch heads.
888 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
889 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
890 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
891 and some number of parent commits.
893 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
894 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
895 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
896 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
898 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
899 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
900 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
901 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
904 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
905 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
907 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
908 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
909 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
910 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
911 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
912 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
914 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
915 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
916 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
917 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
918 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
919 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
920 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
921 content stored in the index.
923 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
924 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
925 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
927 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
928 ---------------------
930 See the references in the "description" section to get started
931 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
932 for a first-time user.
934 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
935 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
936 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
938 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
940 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
943 The internals are documented in the
944 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
946 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
947 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
952 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
953 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
954 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
955 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
957 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
958 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
959 the authors for specific parts of the project.
964 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
965 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
966 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
970 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
971 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
972 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
973 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
974 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
978 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite