untracked cache: initial untracked cache validation

[git/debian.git] / dir.c

/*
 * This handles recursive filename detection with exclude
 * files, index knowledge etc..
 *
 * See Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt
 *
 * Copyright (C) Linus Torvalds, 2005-2006
 *               Junio Hamano, 2005-2006
 */
#include "cache.h"
#include "dir.h"
#include "refs.h"
#include "wildmatch.h"
#include "pathspec.h"

struct path_simplify {
        int len;
        const char *path;
};

/*
 * Tells read_directory_recursive how a file or directory should be treated.
 * Values are ordered by significance, e.g. if a directory contains both
 * excluded and untracked files, it is listed as untracked because
 * path_untracked > path_excluded.
 */
enum path_treatment {
        path_none = 0,
        path_recurse,
        path_excluded,
        path_untracked
};

static enum path_treatment read_directory_recursive(struct dir_struct *dir,
        const char *path, int len, struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked,
        int check_only, const struct path_simplify *simplify);
static int get_dtype(struct dirent *de, const char *path, int len);

/* helper string functions with support for the ignore_case flag */
int strcmp_icase(const char *a, const char *b)
{
        return ignore_case ? strcasecmp(a, b) : strcmp(a, b);
}

int strncmp_icase(const char *a, const char *b, size_t count)
{
        return ignore_case ? strncasecmp(a, b, count) : strncmp(a, b, count);
}

int fnmatch_icase(const char *pattern, const char *string, int flags)
{
        return wildmatch(pattern, string,
                         flags | (ignore_case ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0),
                         NULL);
}

int git_fnmatch(const struct pathspec_item *item,
                const char *pattern, const char *string,
                int prefix)
{
        if (prefix > 0) {
                if (ps_strncmp(item, pattern, string, prefix))
                        return WM_NOMATCH;
                pattern += prefix;
                string += prefix;
        }
        if (item->flags & PATHSPEC_ONESTAR) {
                int pattern_len = strlen(++pattern);
                int string_len = strlen(string);
                return string_len < pattern_len ||
                        ps_strcmp(item, pattern,
                                  string + string_len - pattern_len);
        }
        if (item->magic & PATHSPEC_GLOB)
                return wildmatch(pattern, string,
                                 WM_PATHNAME |
                                 (item->magic & PATHSPEC_ICASE ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0),
                                 NULL);
        else
                /* wildmatch has not learned no FNM_PATHNAME mode yet */
                return wildmatch(pattern, string,
                                 item->magic & PATHSPEC_ICASE ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0,
                                 NULL);
}

static int fnmatch_icase_mem(const char *pattern, int patternlen,
                             const char *string, int stringlen,
                             int flags)
{
        int match_status;
        struct strbuf pat_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct strbuf str_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
        const char *use_pat = pattern;
        const char *use_str = string;

        if (pattern[patternlen]) {
                strbuf_add(&pat_buf, pattern, patternlen);
                use_pat = pat_buf.buf;
        }
        if (string[stringlen]) {
                strbuf_add(&str_buf, string, stringlen);
                use_str = str_buf.buf;
        }

        if (ignore_case)
                flags |= WM_CASEFOLD;
        match_status = wildmatch(use_pat, use_str, flags, NULL);

        strbuf_release(&pat_buf);
        strbuf_release(&str_buf);

        return match_status;
}

static size_t common_prefix_len(const struct pathspec *pathspec)
{
        int n;
        size_t max = 0;

        /*
         * ":(icase)path" is treated as a pathspec full of
         * wildcard. In other words, only prefix is considered common
         * prefix. If the pathspec is abc/foo abc/bar, running in
         * subdir xyz, the common prefix is still xyz, not xuz/abc as
         * in non-:(icase).
         */
        GUARD_PATHSPEC(pathspec,
                       PATHSPEC_FROMTOP |
                       PATHSPEC_MAXDEPTH |
                       PATHSPEC_LITERAL |
                       PATHSPEC_GLOB |
                       PATHSPEC_ICASE |
                       PATHSPEC_EXCLUDE);

        for (n = 0; n < pathspec->nr; n++) {
                size_t i = 0, len = 0, item_len;
                if (pathspec->items[n].magic & PATHSPEC_EXCLUDE)
                        continue;
                if (pathspec->items[n].magic & PATHSPEC_ICASE)
                        item_len = pathspec->items[n].prefix;
                else
                        item_len = pathspec->items[n].nowildcard_len;
                while (i < item_len && (n == 0 || i < max)) {
                        char c = pathspec->items[n].match[i];
                        if (c != pathspec->items[0].match[i])
                                break;
                        if (c == '/')
                                len = i + 1;
                        i++;
                }
                if (n == 0 || len < max) {
                        max = len;
                        if (!max)
                                break;
                }
        }
        return max;
}

/*
 * Returns a copy of the longest leading path common among all
 * pathspecs.
 */
char *common_prefix(const struct pathspec *pathspec)
{
        unsigned long len = common_prefix_len(pathspec);

        return len ? xmemdupz(pathspec->items[0].match, len) : NULL;
}

int fill_directory(struct dir_struct *dir, const struct pathspec *pathspec)
{
        size_t len;

        /*
         * Calculate common prefix for the pathspec, and
         * use that to optimize the directory walk
         */
        len = common_prefix_len(pathspec);

        /* Read the directory and prune it */
        read_directory(dir, pathspec->nr ? pathspec->_raw[0] : "", len, pathspec);
        return len;
}

int within_depth(const char *name, int namelen,
                        int depth, int max_depth)
{
        const char *cp = name, *cpe = name + namelen;

        while (cp < cpe) {
                if (*cp++ != '/')
                        continue;
                depth++;
                if (depth > max_depth)
                        return 0;
        }
        return 1;
}

#define DO_MATCH_EXCLUDE   1
#define DO_MATCH_DIRECTORY 2

/*
 * Does 'match' match the given name?
 * A match is found if
 *
 * (1) the 'match' string is leading directory of 'name', or
 * (2) the 'match' string is a wildcard and matches 'name', or
 * (3) the 'match' string is exactly the same as 'name'.
 *
 * and the return value tells which case it was.
 *
 * It returns 0 when there is no match.
 */
static int match_pathspec_item(const struct pathspec_item *item, int prefix,
                               const char *name, int namelen, unsigned flags)
{
        /* name/namelen has prefix cut off by caller */
        const char *match = item->match + prefix;
        int matchlen = item->len - prefix;

        /*
         * The normal call pattern is:
         * 1. prefix = common_prefix_len(ps);
         * 2. prune something, or fill_directory
         * 3. match_pathspec()
         *
         * 'prefix' at #1 may be shorter than the command's prefix and
         * it's ok for #2 to match extra files. Those extras will be
         * trimmed at #3.
         *
         * Suppose the pathspec is 'foo' and '../bar' running from
         * subdir 'xyz'. The common prefix at #1 will be empty, thanks
         * to "../". We may have xyz/foo _and_ XYZ/foo after #2. The
         * user does not want XYZ/foo, only the "foo" part should be
         * case-insensitive. We need to filter out XYZ/foo here. In
         * other words, we do not trust the caller on comparing the
         * prefix part when :(icase) is involved. We do exact
         * comparison ourselves.
         *
         * Normally the caller (common_prefix_len() in fact) does
         * _exact_ matching on name[-prefix+1..-1] and we do not need
         * to check that part. Be defensive and check it anyway, in
         * case common_prefix_len is changed, or a new caller is
         * introduced that does not use common_prefix_len.
         *
         * If the penalty turns out too high when prefix is really
         * long, maybe change it to
         * strncmp(match, name, item->prefix - prefix)
         */
        if (item->prefix && (item->magic & PATHSPEC_ICASE) &&
            strncmp(item->match, name - prefix, item->prefix))
                return 0;

        /* If the match was just the prefix, we matched */
        if (!*match)
                return MATCHED_RECURSIVELY;

        if (matchlen <= namelen && !ps_strncmp(item, match, name, matchlen)) {
                if (matchlen == namelen)
                        return MATCHED_EXACTLY;

                if (match[matchlen-1] == '/' || name[matchlen] == '/')
                        return MATCHED_RECURSIVELY;
        } else if ((flags & DO_MATCH_DIRECTORY) &&
                   match[matchlen - 1] == '/' &&
                   namelen == matchlen - 1 &&
                   !ps_strncmp(item, match, name, namelen))
                return MATCHED_EXACTLY;

        if (item->nowildcard_len < item->len &&
            !git_fnmatch(item, match, name,
                         item->nowildcard_len - prefix))
                return MATCHED_FNMATCH;

        return 0;
}

/*
 * Given a name and a list of pathspecs, returns the nature of the
 * closest (i.e. most specific) match of the name to any of the
 * pathspecs.
 *
 * The caller typically calls this multiple times with the same
 * pathspec and seen[] array but with different name/namelen
 * (e.g. entries from the index) and is interested in seeing if and
 * how each pathspec matches all the names it calls this function
 * with.  A mark is left in the seen[] array for each pathspec element
 * indicating the closest type of match that element achieved, so if
 * seen[n] remains zero after multiple invocations, that means the nth
 * pathspec did not match any names, which could indicate that the
 * user mistyped the nth pathspec.
 */
static int do_match_pathspec(const struct pathspec *ps,
                             const char *name, int namelen,
                             int prefix, char *seen,
                             unsigned flags)
{
        int i, retval = 0, exclude = flags & DO_MATCH_EXCLUDE;

        GUARD_PATHSPEC(ps,
                       PATHSPEC_FROMTOP |
                       PATHSPEC_MAXDEPTH |
                       PATHSPEC_LITERAL |
                       PATHSPEC_GLOB |
                       PATHSPEC_ICASE |
                       PATHSPEC_EXCLUDE);

        if (!ps->nr) {
                if (!ps->recursive ||
                    !(ps->magic & PATHSPEC_MAXDEPTH) ||
                    ps->max_depth == -1)
                        return MATCHED_RECURSIVELY;

                if (within_depth(name, namelen, 0, ps->max_depth))
                        return MATCHED_EXACTLY;
                else
                        return 0;
        }

        name += prefix;
        namelen -= prefix;

        for (i = ps->nr - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                int how;

                if ((!exclude &&   ps->items[i].magic & PATHSPEC_EXCLUDE) ||
                    ( exclude && !(ps->items[i].magic & PATHSPEC_EXCLUDE)))
                        continue;

                if (seen && seen[i] == MATCHED_EXACTLY)
                        continue;
                /*
                 * Make exclude patterns optional and never report
                 * "pathspec ':(exclude)foo' matches no files"
                 */
                if (seen && ps->items[i].magic & PATHSPEC_EXCLUDE)
                        seen[i] = MATCHED_FNMATCH;
                how = match_pathspec_item(ps->items+i, prefix, name,
                                          namelen, flags);
                if (ps->recursive &&
                    (ps->magic & PATHSPEC_MAXDEPTH) &&
                    ps->max_depth != -1 &&
                    how && how != MATCHED_FNMATCH) {
                        int len = ps->items[i].len;
                        if (name[len] == '/')
                                len++;
                        if (within_depth(name+len, namelen-len, 0, ps->max_depth))
                                how = MATCHED_EXACTLY;
                        else
                                how = 0;
                }
                if (how) {
                        if (retval < how)
                                retval = how;
                        if (seen && seen[i] < how)
                                seen[i] = how;
                }
        }
        return retval;
}

int match_pathspec(const struct pathspec *ps,
                   const char *name, int namelen,
                   int prefix, char *seen, int is_dir)
{
        int positive, negative;
        unsigned flags = is_dir ? DO_MATCH_DIRECTORY : 0;
        positive = do_match_pathspec(ps, name, namelen,
                                     prefix, seen, flags);
        if (!(ps->magic & PATHSPEC_EXCLUDE) || !positive)
                return positive;
        negative = do_match_pathspec(ps, name, namelen,
                                     prefix, seen,
                                     flags | DO_MATCH_EXCLUDE);
        return negative ? 0 : positive;
}

/*
 * Return the length of the "simple" part of a path match limiter.
 */
int simple_length(const char *match)
{
        int len = -1;

        for (;;) {
                unsigned char c = *match++;
                len++;
                if (c == '\0' || is_glob_special(c))
                        return len;
        }
}

int no_wildcard(const char *string)
{
        return string[simple_length(string)] == '\0';
}

void parse_exclude_pattern(const char **pattern,
                           int *patternlen,
                           int *flags,
                           int *nowildcardlen)
{
        const char *p = *pattern;
        size_t i, len;

        *flags = 0;
        if (*p == '!') {
                *flags |= EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE;
                p++;
        }
        len = strlen(p);
        if (len && p[len - 1] == '/') {
                len--;
                *flags |= EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR;
        }
        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                if (p[i] == '/')
                        break;
        }
        if (i == len)
                *flags |= EXC_FLAG_NODIR;
        *nowildcardlen = simple_length(p);
        /*
         * we should have excluded the trailing slash from 'p' too,
         * but that's one more allocation. Instead just make sure
         * nowildcardlen does not exceed real patternlen
         */
        if (*nowildcardlen > len)
                *nowildcardlen = len;
        if (*p == '*' && no_wildcard(p + 1))
                *flags |= EXC_FLAG_ENDSWITH;
        *pattern = p;
        *patternlen = len;
}

void add_exclude(const char *string, const char *base,
                 int baselen, struct exclude_list *el, int srcpos)
{
        struct exclude *x;
        int patternlen;
        int flags;
        int nowildcardlen;

        parse_exclude_pattern(&string, &patternlen, &flags, &nowildcardlen);
        if (flags & EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) {
                char *s;
                x = xmalloc(sizeof(*x) + patternlen + 1);
                s = (char *)(x+1);
                memcpy(s, string, patternlen);
                s[patternlen] = '\0';
                x->pattern = s;
        } else {
                x = xmalloc(sizeof(*x));
                x->pattern = string;
        }
        x->patternlen = patternlen;
        x->nowildcardlen = nowildcardlen;
        x->base = base;
        x->baselen = baselen;
        x->flags = flags;
        x->srcpos = srcpos;
        ALLOC_GROW(el->excludes, el->nr + 1, el->alloc);
        el->excludes[el->nr++] = x;
        x->el = el;
}

static void *read_skip_worktree_file_from_index(const char *path, size_t *size,
                                                struct sha1_stat *sha1_stat)
{
        int pos, len;
        unsigned long sz;
        enum object_type type;
        void *data;

        len = strlen(path);
        pos = cache_name_pos(path, len);
        if (pos < 0)
                return NULL;
        if (!ce_skip_worktree(active_cache[pos]))
                return NULL;
        data = read_sha1_file(active_cache[pos]->sha1, &type, &sz);
        if (!data || type != OBJ_BLOB) {
                free(data);
                return NULL;
        }
        *size = xsize_t(sz);
        if (sha1_stat) {
                memset(&sha1_stat->stat, 0, sizeof(sha1_stat->stat));
                hashcpy(sha1_stat->sha1, active_cache[pos]->sha1);
        }
        return data;
}

/*
 * Frees memory within el which was allocated for exclude patterns and
 * the file buffer.  Does not free el itself.
 */
void clear_exclude_list(struct exclude_list *el)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < el->nr; i++)
                free(el->excludes[i]);
        free(el->excludes);
        free(el->filebuf);

        el->nr = 0;
        el->excludes = NULL;
        el->filebuf = NULL;
}

static void trim_trailing_spaces(char *buf)
{
        char *p, *last_space = NULL;

        for (p = buf; *p; p++)
                switch (*p) {
                case ' ':
                        if (!last_space)
                                last_space = p;
                        break;
                case '\\':
                        p++;
                        if (!*p)
                                return;
                        /* fallthrough */
                default:
                        last_space = NULL;
                }

        if (last_space)
                *last_space = '\0';
}

/*
 * Given a subdirectory name and "dir" of the current directory,
 * search the subdir in "dir" and return it, or create a new one if it
 * does not exist in "dir".
 *
 * If "name" has the trailing slash, it'll be excluded in the search.
 */
static struct untracked_cache_dir *lookup_untracked(struct untracked_cache *uc,
                                                    struct untracked_cache_dir *dir,
                                                    const char *name, int len)
{
        int first, last;
        struct untracked_cache_dir *d;
        if (!dir)
                return NULL;
        if (len && name[len - 1] == '/')
                len--;
        first = 0;
        last = dir->dirs_nr;
        while (last > first) {
                int cmp, next = (last + first) >> 1;
                d = dir->dirs[next];
                cmp = strncmp(name, d->name, len);
                if (!cmp && strlen(d->name) > len)
                        cmp = -1;
                if (!cmp)
                        return d;
                if (cmp < 0) {
                        last = next;
                        continue;
                }
                first = next+1;
        }

        uc->dir_created++;
        d = xmalloc(sizeof(*d) + len + 1);
        memset(d, 0, sizeof(*d));
        memcpy(d->name, name, len);
        d->name[len] = '\0';

        ALLOC_GROW(dir->dirs, dir->dirs_nr + 1, dir->dirs_alloc);
        memmove(dir->dirs + first + 1, dir->dirs + first,
                (dir->dirs_nr - first) * sizeof(*dir->dirs));
        dir->dirs_nr++;
        dir->dirs[first] = d;
        return d;
}

static void do_invalidate_gitignore(struct untracked_cache_dir *dir)
{
        int i;
        dir->valid = 0;
        dir->untracked_nr = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < dir->dirs_nr; i++)
                do_invalidate_gitignore(dir->dirs[i]);
}

static void invalidate_gitignore(struct untracked_cache *uc,
                                 struct untracked_cache_dir *dir)
{
        uc->gitignore_invalidated++;
        do_invalidate_gitignore(dir);
}

/*
 * Given a file with name "fname", read it (either from disk, or from
 * the index if "check_index" is non-zero), parse it and store the
 * exclude rules in "el".
 *
 * If "ss" is not NULL, compute SHA-1 of the exclude file and fill
 * stat data from disk (only valid if add_excludes returns zero). If
 * ss_valid is non-zero, "ss" must contain good value as input.
 */
static int add_excludes(const char *fname, const char *base, int baselen,
                        struct exclude_list *el, int check_index,
                        struct sha1_stat *sha1_stat)
{
        struct stat st;
        int fd, i, lineno = 1;
        size_t size = 0;
        char *buf, *entry;

        fd = open(fname, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0 || fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
                if (errno != ENOENT)
                        warn_on_inaccessible(fname);
                if (0 <= fd)
                        close(fd);
                if (!check_index ||
                    (buf = read_skip_worktree_file_from_index(fname, &size, sha1_stat)) == NULL)
                        return -1;
                if (size == 0) {
                        free(buf);
                        return 0;
                }
                if (buf[size-1] != '\n') {
                        buf = xrealloc(buf, size+1);
                        buf[size++] = '\n';
                }
        } else {
                size = xsize_t(st.st_size);
                if (size == 0) {
                        if (sha1_stat) {
                                fill_stat_data(&sha1_stat->stat, &st);
                                hashcpy(sha1_stat->sha1, EMPTY_BLOB_SHA1_BIN);
                                sha1_stat->valid = 1;
                        }
                        close(fd);
                        return 0;
                }
                buf = xmalloc(size+1);
                if (read_in_full(fd, buf, size) != size) {
                        free(buf);
                        close(fd);
                        return -1;
                }
                buf[size++] = '\n';
                close(fd);
                if (sha1_stat) {
                        int pos;
                        if (sha1_stat->valid &&
                            !match_stat_data(&sha1_stat->stat, &st))
                                ; /* no content change, ss->sha1 still good */
                        else if (check_index &&
                                 (pos = cache_name_pos(fname, strlen(fname))) >= 0 &&
                                 !ce_stage(active_cache[pos]) &&
                                 ce_uptodate(active_cache[pos]) &&
                                 !would_convert_to_git(fname))
                                hashcpy(sha1_stat->sha1, active_cache[pos]->sha1);
                        else
                                hash_sha1_file(buf, size, "blob", sha1_stat->sha1);
                        fill_stat_data(&sha1_stat->stat, &st);
                        sha1_stat->valid = 1;
                }
        }

        el->filebuf = buf;
        entry = buf;
        for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                if (buf[i] == '\n') {
                        if (entry != buf + i && entry[0] != '#') {
                                buf[i - (i && buf[i-1] == '\r')] = 0;
                                trim_trailing_spaces(entry);
                                add_exclude(entry, base, baselen, el, lineno);
                        }
                        lineno++;
                        entry = buf + i + 1;
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

int add_excludes_from_file_to_list(const char *fname, const char *base,
                                   int baselen, struct exclude_list *el,
                                   int check_index)
{
        return add_excludes(fname, base, baselen, el, check_index, NULL);
}

struct exclude_list *add_exclude_list(struct dir_struct *dir,
                                      int group_type, const char *src)
{
        struct exclude_list *el;
        struct exclude_list_group *group;

        group = &dir->exclude_list_group[group_type];
        ALLOC_GROW(group->el, group->nr + 1, group->alloc);
        el = &group->el[group->nr++];
        memset(el, 0, sizeof(*el));
        el->src = src;
        return el;
}

/*
 * Used to set up core.excludesfile and .git/info/exclude lists.
 */
static void add_excludes_from_file_1(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *fname,
                                     struct sha1_stat *sha1_stat)
{
        struct exclude_list *el;
        /*
         * catch setup_standard_excludes() that's called before
         * dir->untracked is assigned. That function behaves
         * differently when dir->untracked is non-NULL.
         */
        if (!dir->untracked)
                dir->unmanaged_exclude_files++;
        el = add_exclude_list(dir, EXC_FILE, fname);
        if (add_excludes(fname, "", 0, el, 0, sha1_stat) < 0)
                die("cannot use %s as an exclude file", fname);
}

void add_excludes_from_file(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *fname)
{
        dir->unmanaged_exclude_files++; /* see validate_untracked_cache() */
        add_excludes_from_file_1(dir, fname, NULL);
}

int match_basename(const char *basename, int basenamelen,
                   const char *pattern, int prefix, int patternlen,
                   int flags)
{
        if (prefix == patternlen) {
                if (patternlen == basenamelen &&
                    !strncmp_icase(pattern, basename, basenamelen))
                        return 1;
        } else if (flags & EXC_FLAG_ENDSWITH) {
                /* "*literal" matching against "fooliteral" */
                if (patternlen - 1 <= basenamelen &&
                    !strncmp_icase(pattern + 1,
                                   basename + basenamelen - (patternlen - 1),
                                   patternlen - 1))
                        return 1;
        } else {
                if (fnmatch_icase_mem(pattern, patternlen,
                                      basename, basenamelen,
                                      0) == 0)
                        return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

int match_pathname(const char *pathname, int pathlen,
                   const char *base, int baselen,
                   const char *pattern, int prefix, int patternlen,
                   int flags)
{
        const char *name;
        int namelen;

        /*
         * match with FNM_PATHNAME; the pattern has base implicitly
         * in front of it.
         */
        if (*pattern == '/') {
                pattern++;
                patternlen--;
                prefix--;
        }

        /*
         * baselen does not count the trailing slash. base[] may or
         * may not end with a trailing slash though.
         */
        if (pathlen < baselen + 1 ||
            (baselen && pathname[baselen] != '/') ||
            strncmp_icase(pathname, base, baselen))
                return 0;

        namelen = baselen ? pathlen - baselen - 1 : pathlen;
        name = pathname + pathlen - namelen;

        if (prefix) {
                /*
                 * if the non-wildcard part is longer than the
                 * remaining pathname, surely it cannot match.
                 */
                if (prefix > namelen)
                        return 0;

                if (strncmp_icase(pattern, name, prefix))
                        return 0;
                pattern += prefix;
                patternlen -= prefix;
                name    += prefix;
                namelen -= prefix;

                /*
                 * If the whole pattern did not have a wildcard,
                 * then our prefix match is all we need; we
                 * do not need to call fnmatch at all.
                 */
                if (!patternlen && !namelen)
                        return 1;
        }

        return fnmatch_icase_mem(pattern, patternlen,
                                 name, namelen,
                                 WM_PATHNAME) == 0;
}

/*
 * Scan the given exclude list in reverse to see whether pathname
 * should be ignored.  The first match (i.e. the last on the list), if
 * any, determines the fate.  Returns the exclude_list element which
 * matched, or NULL for undecided.
 */
static struct exclude *last_exclude_matching_from_list(const char *pathname,
                                                       int pathlen,
                                                       const char *basename,
                                                       int *dtype,
                                                       struct exclude_list *el)
{
        int i;

        if (!el->nr)
                return NULL;    /* undefined */

        for (i = el->nr - 1; 0 <= i; i--) {
                struct exclude *x = el->excludes[i];
                const char *exclude = x->pattern;
                int prefix = x->nowildcardlen;

                if (x->flags & EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) {
                        if (*dtype == DT_UNKNOWN)
                                *dtype = get_dtype(NULL, pathname, pathlen);
                        if (*dtype != DT_DIR)
                                continue;
                }

                if (x->flags & EXC_FLAG_NODIR) {
                        if (match_basename(basename,
                                           pathlen - (basename - pathname),
                                           exclude, prefix, x->patternlen,
                                           x->flags))
                                return x;
                        continue;
                }

                assert(x->baselen == 0 || x->base[x->baselen - 1] == '/');
                if (match_pathname(pathname, pathlen,
                                   x->base, x->baselen ? x->baselen - 1 : 0,
                                   exclude, prefix, x->patternlen, x->flags))
                        return x;
        }
        return NULL; /* undecided */
}

/*
 * Scan the list and let the last match determine the fate.
 * Return 1 for exclude, 0 for include and -1 for undecided.
 */
int is_excluded_from_list(const char *pathname,
                          int pathlen, const char *basename, int *dtype,
                          struct exclude_list *el)
{
        struct exclude *exclude;
        exclude = last_exclude_matching_from_list(pathname, pathlen, basename, dtype, el);
        if (exclude)
                return exclude->flags & EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE ? 0 : 1;
        return -1; /* undecided */
}

static struct exclude *last_exclude_matching_from_lists(struct dir_struct *dir,
                const char *pathname, int pathlen, const char *basename,
                int *dtype_p)
{
        int i, j;
        struct exclude_list_group *group;
        struct exclude *exclude;
        for (i = EXC_CMDL; i <= EXC_FILE; i++) {
                group = &dir->exclude_list_group[i];
                for (j = group->nr - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
                        exclude = last_exclude_matching_from_list(
                                pathname, pathlen, basename, dtype_p,
                                &group->el[j]);
                        if (exclude)
                                return exclude;
                }
        }
        return NULL;
}

/*
 * Loads the per-directory exclude list for the substring of base
 * which has a char length of baselen.
 */
static void prep_exclude(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *base, int baselen)
{
        struct exclude_list_group *group;
        struct exclude_list *el;
        struct exclude_stack *stk = NULL;
        struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked;
        int current;

        group = &dir->exclude_list_group[EXC_DIRS];

        /*
         * Pop the exclude lists from the EXCL_DIRS exclude_list_group
         * which originate from directories not in the prefix of the
         * path being checked.
         */
        while ((stk = dir->exclude_stack) != NULL) {
                if (stk->baselen <= baselen &&
                    !strncmp(dir->basebuf.buf, base, stk->baselen))
                        break;
                el = &group->el[dir->exclude_stack->exclude_ix];
                dir->exclude_stack = stk->prev;
                dir->exclude = NULL;
                free((char *)el->src); /* see strbuf_detach() below */
                clear_exclude_list(el);
                free(stk);
                group->nr--;
        }

        /* Skip traversing into sub directories if the parent is excluded */
        if (dir->exclude)
                return;

        /*
         * Lazy initialization. All call sites currently just
         * memset(dir, 0, sizeof(*dir)) before use. Changing all of
         * them seems lots of work for little benefit.
         */
        if (!dir->basebuf.buf)
                strbuf_init(&dir->basebuf, PATH_MAX);

        /* Read from the parent directories and push them down. */
        current = stk ? stk->baselen : -1;
        strbuf_setlen(&dir->basebuf, current < 0 ? 0 : current);
        if (dir->untracked)
                untracked = stk ? stk->ucd : dir->untracked->root;
        else
                untracked = NULL;

        while (current < baselen) {
                const char *cp;
                struct sha1_stat sha1_stat;

                stk = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*stk));
                if (current < 0) {
                        cp = base;
                        current = 0;
                } else {
                        cp = strchr(base + current + 1, '/');
                        if (!cp)
                                die("oops in prep_exclude");
                        cp++;
                        untracked =
                                lookup_untracked(dir->untracked, untracked,
                                                 base + current,
                                                 cp - base - current);
                }
                stk->prev = dir->exclude_stack;
                stk->baselen = cp - base;
                stk->exclude_ix = group->nr;
                stk->ucd = untracked;
                el = add_exclude_list(dir, EXC_DIRS, NULL);
                strbuf_add(&dir->basebuf, base + current, stk->baselen - current);
                assert(stk->baselen == dir->basebuf.len);

                /* Abort if the directory is excluded */
                if (stk->baselen) {
                        int dt = DT_DIR;
                        dir->basebuf.buf[stk->baselen - 1] = 0;
                        dir->exclude = last_exclude_matching_from_lists(dir,
                                dir->basebuf.buf, stk->baselen - 1,
                                dir->basebuf.buf + current, &dt);
                        dir->basebuf.buf[stk->baselen - 1] = '/';
                        if (dir->exclude &&
                            dir->exclude->flags & EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE)
                                dir->exclude = NULL;
                        if (dir->exclude) {
                                dir->exclude_stack = stk;
                                return;
                        }
                }

                /* Try to read per-directory file */
                hashclr(sha1_stat.sha1);
                sha1_stat.valid = 0;
                if (dir->exclude_per_dir) {
                        /*
                         * dir->basebuf gets reused by the traversal, but we
                         * need fname to remain unchanged to ensure the src
                         * member of each struct exclude correctly
                         * back-references its source file.  Other invocations
                         * of add_exclude_list provide stable strings, so we
                         * strbuf_detach() and free() here in the caller.
                         */
                        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
                        strbuf_addbuf(&sb, &dir->basebuf);
                        strbuf_addstr(&sb, dir->exclude_per_dir);
                        el->src = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
                        add_excludes(el->src, el->src, stk->baselen, el, 1,
                                     untracked ? &sha1_stat : NULL);
                }
                if (untracked) {
                        hashcpy(untracked->exclude_sha1, sha1_stat.sha1);
                }
                dir->exclude_stack = stk;
                current = stk->baselen;
        }
        strbuf_setlen(&dir->basebuf, baselen);
}

/*
 * Loads the exclude lists for the directory containing pathname, then
 * scans all exclude lists to determine whether pathname is excluded.
 * Returns the exclude_list element which matched, or NULL for
 * undecided.
 */
struct exclude *last_exclude_matching(struct dir_struct *dir,
                                             const char *pathname,
                                             int *dtype_p)
{
        int pathlen = strlen(pathname);
        const char *basename = strrchr(pathname, '/');
        basename = (basename) ? basename+1 : pathname;

        prep_exclude(dir, pathname, basename-pathname);

        if (dir->exclude)
                return dir->exclude;

        return last_exclude_matching_from_lists(dir, pathname, pathlen,
                        basename, dtype_p);
}

/*
 * Loads the exclude lists for the directory containing pathname, then
 * scans all exclude lists to determine whether pathname is excluded.
 * Returns 1 if true, otherwise 0.
 */
int is_excluded(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *pathname, int *dtype_p)
{
        struct exclude *exclude =
                last_exclude_matching(dir, pathname, dtype_p);
        if (exclude)
                return exclude->flags & EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE ? 0 : 1;
        return 0;
}

static struct dir_entry *dir_entry_new(const char *pathname, int len)
{
        struct dir_entry *ent;

        ent = xmalloc(sizeof(*ent) + len + 1);
        ent->len = len;
        memcpy(ent->name, pathname, len);
        ent->name[len] = 0;
        return ent;
}

static struct dir_entry *dir_add_name(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *pathname, int len)
{
        if (cache_file_exists(pathname, len, ignore_case))
                return NULL;

        ALLOC_GROW(dir->entries, dir->nr+1, dir->alloc);
        return dir->entries[dir->nr++] = dir_entry_new(pathname, len);
}

struct dir_entry *dir_add_ignored(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *pathname, int len)
{
        if (!cache_name_is_other(pathname, len))
                return NULL;

        ALLOC_GROW(dir->ignored, dir->ignored_nr+1, dir->ignored_alloc);
        return dir->ignored[dir->ignored_nr++] = dir_entry_new(pathname, len);
}

enum exist_status {
        index_nonexistent = 0,
        index_directory,
        index_gitdir
};

/*
 * Do not use the alphabetically sorted index to look up
 * the directory name; instead, use the case insensitive
 * directory hash.
 */
static enum exist_status directory_exists_in_index_icase(const char *dirname, int len)
{
        const struct cache_entry *ce = cache_dir_exists(dirname, len);
        unsigned char endchar;

        if (!ce)
                return index_nonexistent;
        endchar = ce->name[len];

        /*
         * The cache_entry structure returned will contain this dirname
         * and possibly additional path components.
         */
        if (endchar == '/')
                return index_directory;

        /*
         * If there are no additional path components, then this cache_entry
         * represents a submodule.  Submodules, despite being directories,
         * are stored in the cache without a closing slash.
         */
        if (!endchar && S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode))
                return index_gitdir;

        /* This should never be hit, but it exists just in case. */
        return index_nonexistent;
}

/*
 * The index sorts alphabetically by entry name, which
 * means that a gitlink sorts as '\0' at the end, while
 * a directory (which is defined not as an entry, but as
 * the files it contains) will sort with the '/' at the
 * end.
 */
static enum exist_status directory_exists_in_index(const char *dirname, int len)
{
        int pos;

        if (ignore_case)
                return directory_exists_in_index_icase(dirname, len);

        pos = cache_name_pos(dirname, len);
        if (pos < 0)
                pos = -pos-1;
        while (pos < active_nr) {
                const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos++];
                unsigned char endchar;

                if (strncmp(ce->name, dirname, len))
                        break;
                endchar = ce->name[len];
                if (endchar > '/')
                        break;
                if (endchar == '/')
                        return index_directory;
                if (!endchar && S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode))
                        return index_gitdir;
        }
        return index_nonexistent;
}

/*
 * When we find a directory when traversing the filesystem, we
 * have three distinct cases:
 *
 *  - ignore it
 *  - see it as a directory
 *  - recurse into it
 *
 * and which one we choose depends on a combination of existing
 * git index contents and the flags passed into the directory
 * traversal routine.
 *
 * Case 1: If we *already* have entries in the index under that
 * directory name, we always recurse into the directory to see
 * all the files.
 *
 * Case 2: If we *already* have that directory name as a gitlink,
 * we always continue to see it as a gitlink, regardless of whether
 * there is an actual git directory there or not (it might not
 * be checked out as a subproject!)
 *
 * Case 3: if we didn't have it in the index previously, we
 * have a few sub-cases:
 *
 *  (a) if "show_other_directories" is true, we show it as
 *      just a directory, unless "hide_empty_directories" is
 *      also true, in which case we need to check if it contains any
 *      untracked and / or ignored files.
 *  (b) if it looks like a git directory, and we don't have
 *      'no_gitlinks' set we treat it as a gitlink, and show it
 *      as a directory.
 *  (c) otherwise, we recurse into it.
 */
static enum path_treatment treat_directory(struct dir_struct *dir,
        struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked,
        const char *dirname, int len, int exclude,
        const struct path_simplify *simplify)
{
        /* The "len-1" is to strip the final '/' */
        switch (directory_exists_in_index(dirname, len-1)) {
        case index_directory:
                return path_recurse;

        case index_gitdir:
                return path_none;

        case index_nonexistent:
                if (dir->flags & DIR_SHOW_OTHER_DIRECTORIES)
                        break;
                if (!(dir->flags & DIR_NO_GITLINKS)) {
                        unsigned char sha1[20];
                        if (resolve_gitlink_ref(dirname, "HEAD", sha1) == 0)
                                return path_untracked;
                }
                return path_recurse;
        }

        /* This is the "show_other_directories" case */

        if (!(dir->flags & DIR_HIDE_EMPTY_DIRECTORIES))
                return exclude ? path_excluded : path_untracked;

        untracked = lookup_untracked(dir->untracked, untracked, dirname, len);
        return read_directory_recursive(dir, dirname, len,
                                        untracked, 1, simplify);
}

/*
 * This is an inexact early pruning of any recursive directory
 * reading - if the path cannot possibly be in the pathspec,
 * return true, and we'll skip it early.
 */
static int simplify_away(const char *path, int pathlen, const struct path_simplify *simplify)
{
        if (simplify) {
                for (;;) {
                        const char *match = simplify->path;
                        int len = simplify->len;

                        if (!match)
                                break;
                        if (len > pathlen)
                                len = pathlen;
                        if (!memcmp(path, match, len))
                                return 0;
                        simplify++;
                }
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * This function tells us whether an excluded path matches a
 * list of "interesting" pathspecs. That is, whether a path matched
 * by any of the pathspecs could possibly be ignored by excluding
 * the specified path. This can happen if:
 *
 *   1. the path is mentioned explicitly in the pathspec
 *
 *   2. the path is a directory prefix of some element in the
 *      pathspec
 */
static int exclude_matches_pathspec(const char *path, int len,
                const struct path_simplify *simplify)
{
        if (simplify) {
                for (; simplify->path; simplify++) {
                        if (len == simplify->len
                            && !memcmp(path, simplify->path, len))
                                return 1;
                        if (len < simplify->len
                            && simplify->path[len] == '/'
                            && !memcmp(path, simplify->path, len))
                                return 1;
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

static int get_index_dtype(const char *path, int len)
{
        int pos;
        const struct cache_entry *ce;

        ce = cache_file_exists(path, len, 0);
        if (ce) {
                if (!ce_uptodate(ce))
                        return DT_UNKNOWN;
                if (S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode))
                        return DT_DIR;
                /*
                 * Nobody actually cares about the
                 * difference between DT_LNK and DT_REG
                 */
                return DT_REG;
        }

        /* Try to look it up as a directory */
        pos = cache_name_pos(path, len);
        if (pos >= 0)
                return DT_UNKNOWN;
        pos = -pos-1;
        while (pos < active_nr) {
                ce = active_cache[pos++];
                if (strncmp(ce->name, path, len))
                        break;
                if (ce->name[len] > '/')
                        break;
                if (ce->name[len] < '/')
                        continue;
                if (!ce_uptodate(ce))
                        break;  /* continue? */
                return DT_DIR;
        }
        return DT_UNKNOWN;
}

static int get_dtype(struct dirent *de, const char *path, int len)
{
        int dtype = de ? DTYPE(de) : DT_UNKNOWN;
        struct stat st;

        if (dtype != DT_UNKNOWN)
                return dtype;
        dtype = get_index_dtype(path, len);
        if (dtype != DT_UNKNOWN)
                return dtype;
        if (lstat(path, &st))
                return dtype;
        if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
                return DT_REG;
        if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
                return DT_DIR;
        if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
                return DT_LNK;
        return dtype;
}

static enum path_treatment treat_one_path(struct dir_struct *dir,
                                          struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked,
                                          struct strbuf *path,
                                          const struct path_simplify *simplify,
                                          int dtype, struct dirent *de)
{
        int exclude;
        int has_path_in_index = !!cache_file_exists(path->buf, path->len, ignore_case);

        if (dtype == DT_UNKNOWN)
                dtype = get_dtype(de, path->buf, path->len);

        /* Always exclude indexed files */
        if (dtype != DT_DIR && has_path_in_index)
                return path_none;

        /*
         * When we are looking at a directory P in the working tree,
         * there are three cases:
         *
         * (1) P exists in the index.  Everything inside the directory P in
         * the working tree needs to go when P is checked out from the
         * index.
         *
         * (2) P does not exist in the index, but there is P/Q in the index.
         * We know P will stay a directory when we check out the contents
         * of the index, but we do not know yet if there is a directory
         * P/Q in the working tree to be killed, so we need to recurse.
         *
         * (3) P does not exist in the index, and there is no P/Q in the index
         * to require P to be a directory, either.  Only in this case, we
         * know that everything inside P will not be killed without
         * recursing.
         */
        if ((dir->flags & DIR_COLLECT_KILLED_ONLY) &&
            (dtype == DT_DIR) &&
            !has_path_in_index &&
            (directory_exists_in_index(path->buf, path->len) == index_nonexistent))
                return path_none;

        exclude = is_excluded(dir, path->buf, &dtype);

        /*
         * Excluded? If we don't explicitly want to show
         * ignored files, ignore it
         */
        if (exclude && !(dir->flags & (DIR_SHOW_IGNORED|DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO)))
                return path_excluded;

        switch (dtype) {
        default:
                return path_none;
        case DT_DIR:
                strbuf_addch(path, '/');
                return treat_directory(dir, untracked, path->buf, path->len, exclude,
                        simplify);
        case DT_REG:
        case DT_LNK:
                return exclude ? path_excluded : path_untracked;
        }
}

static enum path_treatment treat_path(struct dir_struct *dir,
                                      struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked,
                                      struct dirent *de,
                                      struct strbuf *path,
                                      int baselen,
                                      const struct path_simplify *simplify)
{
        int dtype;

        if (is_dot_or_dotdot(de->d_name) || !strcmp(de->d_name, ".git"))
                return path_none;
        strbuf_setlen(path, baselen);
        strbuf_addstr(path, de->d_name);
        if (simplify_away(path->buf, path->len, simplify))
                return path_none;

        dtype = DTYPE(de);
        return treat_one_path(dir, untracked, path, simplify, dtype, de);
}

static void add_untracked(struct untracked_cache_dir *dir, const char *name)
{
        if (!dir)
                return;
        ALLOC_GROW(dir->untracked, dir->untracked_nr + 1,
                   dir->untracked_alloc);
        dir->untracked[dir->untracked_nr++] = xstrdup(name);
}

/*
 * Read a directory tree. We currently ignore anything but
 * directories, regular files and symlinks. That's because git
 * doesn't handle them at all yet. Maybe that will change some
 * day.
 *
 * Also, we ignore the name ".git" (even if it is not a directory).
 * That likely will not change.
 *
 * Returns the most significant path_treatment value encountered in the scan.
 */
static enum path_treatment read_directory_recursive(struct dir_struct *dir,
                                    const char *base, int baselen,
                                    struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked, int check_only,
                                    const struct path_simplify *simplify)
{
        DIR *fdir;
        enum path_treatment state, subdir_state, dir_state = path_none;
        struct dirent *de;
        struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;

        strbuf_add(&path, base, baselen);

        fdir = opendir(path.len ? path.buf : ".");
        if (!fdir)
                goto out;

        if (untracked)
                untracked->check_only = !!check_only;

        while ((de = readdir(fdir)) != NULL) {
                /* check how the file or directory should be treated */
                state = treat_path(dir, untracked, de, &path, baselen, simplify);

                if (state > dir_state)
                        dir_state = state;

                /* recurse into subdir if instructed by treat_path */
                if (state == path_recurse) {
                        struct untracked_cache_dir *ud;
                        ud = lookup_untracked(dir->untracked, untracked,
                                              path.buf + baselen,
                                              path.len - baselen);
                        subdir_state =
                                read_directory_recursive(dir, path.buf, path.len,
                                                         ud, check_only, simplify);
                        if (subdir_state > dir_state)
                                dir_state = subdir_state;
                }

                if (check_only) {
                        /* abort early if maximum state has been reached */
                        if (dir_state == path_untracked) {
                                if (untracked)
                                        add_untracked(untracked, path.buf + baselen);
                                break;
                        }
                        /* skip the dir_add_* part */
                        continue;
                }

                /* add the path to the appropriate result list */
                switch (state) {
                case path_excluded:
                        if (dir->flags & DIR_SHOW_IGNORED)
                                dir_add_name(dir, path.buf, path.len);
                        else if ((dir->flags & DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO) ||
                                ((dir->flags & DIR_COLLECT_IGNORED) &&
                                exclude_matches_pathspec(path.buf, path.len,
                                        simplify)))
                                dir_add_ignored(dir, path.buf, path.len);
                        break;

                case path_untracked:
                        if (dir->flags & DIR_SHOW_IGNORED)
                                break;
                        dir_add_name(dir, path.buf, path.len);
                        if (untracked)
                                add_untracked(untracked, path.buf + baselen);
                        break;

                default:
                        break;
                }
        }
        closedir(fdir);
 out:
        strbuf_release(&path);

        return dir_state;
}

static int cmp_name(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
        const struct dir_entry *e1 = *(const struct dir_entry **)p1;
        const struct dir_entry *e2 = *(const struct dir_entry **)p2;

        return name_compare(e1->name, e1->len, e2->name, e2->len);
}

static struct path_simplify *create_simplify(const char **pathspec)
{
        int nr, alloc = 0;
        struct path_simplify *simplify = NULL;

        if (!pathspec)
                return NULL;

        for (nr = 0 ; ; nr++) {
                const char *match;
                ALLOC_GROW(simplify, nr + 1, alloc);
                match = *pathspec++;
                if (!match)
                        break;
                simplify[nr].path = match;
                simplify[nr].len = simple_length(match);
        }
        simplify[nr].path = NULL;
        simplify[nr].len = 0;
        return simplify;
}

static void free_simplify(struct path_simplify *simplify)
{
        free(simplify);
}

static int treat_leading_path(struct dir_struct *dir,
                              const char *path, int len,
                              const struct path_simplify *simplify)
{
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
        int baselen, rc = 0;
        const char *cp;
        int old_flags = dir->flags;

        while (len && path[len - 1] == '/')
                len--;
        if (!len)
                return 1;
        baselen = 0;
        dir->flags &= ~DIR_SHOW_OTHER_DIRECTORIES;
        while (1) {
                cp = path + baselen + !!baselen;
                cp = memchr(cp, '/', path + len - cp);
                if (!cp)
                        baselen = len;
                else
                        baselen = cp - path;
                strbuf_setlen(&sb, 0);
                strbuf_add(&sb, path, baselen);
                if (!is_directory(sb.buf))
                        break;
                if (simplify_away(sb.buf, sb.len, simplify))
                        break;
                if (treat_one_path(dir, NULL, &sb, simplify,
                                   DT_DIR, NULL) == path_none)
                        break; /* do not recurse into it */
                if (len <= baselen) {
                        rc = 1;
                        break; /* finished checking */
                }
        }
        strbuf_release(&sb);
        dir->flags = old_flags;
        return rc;
}

static struct untracked_cache_dir *validate_untracked_cache(struct dir_struct *dir,
                                                      int base_len,
                                                      const struct pathspec *pathspec)
{
        struct untracked_cache_dir *root;

        if (!dir->untracked)
                return NULL;

        /*
         * We only support $GIT_DIR/info/exclude and core.excludesfile
         * as the global ignore rule files. Any other additions
         * (e.g. from command line) invalidate the cache. This
         * condition also catches running setup_standard_excludes()
         * before setting dir->untracked!
         */
        if (dir->unmanaged_exclude_files)
                return NULL;

        /*
         * Optimize for the main use case only: whole-tree git
         * status. More work involved in treat_leading_path() if we
         * use cache on just a subset of the worktree. pathspec
         * support could make the matter even worse.
         */
        if (base_len || (pathspec && pathspec->nr))
                return NULL;

        /* Different set of flags may produce different results */
        if (dir->flags != dir->untracked->dir_flags ||
            /*
             * See treat_directory(), case index_nonexistent. Without
             * this flag, we may need to also cache .git file content
             * for the resolve_gitlink_ref() call, which we don't.
             */
            !(dir->flags & DIR_SHOW_OTHER_DIRECTORIES) ||
            /* We don't support collecting ignore files */
            (dir->flags & (DIR_SHOW_IGNORED | DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO |
                           DIR_COLLECT_IGNORED)))
                return NULL;

        /*
         * If we use .gitignore in the cache and now you change it to
         * .gitexclude, everything will go wrong.
         */
        if (dir->exclude_per_dir != dir->untracked->exclude_per_dir &&
            strcmp(dir->exclude_per_dir, dir->untracked->exclude_per_dir))
                return NULL;

        /*
         * EXC_CMDL is not considered in the cache. If people set it,
         * skip the cache.
         */
        if (dir->exclude_list_group[EXC_CMDL].nr)
                return NULL;

        if (!dir->untracked->root) {
                const int len = sizeof(*dir->untracked->root);
                dir->untracked->root = xmalloc(len);
                memset(dir->untracked->root, 0, len);
        }

        /* Validate $GIT_DIR/info/exclude and core.excludesfile */
        root = dir->untracked->root;
        if (hashcmp(dir->ss_info_exclude.sha1,
                    dir->untracked->ss_info_exclude.sha1)) {
                invalidate_gitignore(dir->untracked, root);
                dir->untracked->ss_info_exclude = dir->ss_info_exclude;
        }
        if (hashcmp(dir->ss_excludes_file.sha1,
                    dir->untracked->ss_excludes_file.sha1)) {
                invalidate_gitignore(dir->untracked, root);
                dir->untracked->ss_excludes_file = dir->ss_excludes_file;
        }
        return root;
}

int read_directory(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *path, int len, const struct pathspec *pathspec)
{
        struct path_simplify *simplify;
        struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked;

        /*
         * Check out create_simplify()
         */
        if (pathspec)
                GUARD_PATHSPEC(pathspec,
                               PATHSPEC_FROMTOP |
                               PATHSPEC_MAXDEPTH |
                               PATHSPEC_LITERAL |
                               PATHSPEC_GLOB |
                               PATHSPEC_ICASE |
                               PATHSPEC_EXCLUDE);

        if (has_symlink_leading_path(path, len))
                return dir->nr;

        /*
         * exclude patterns are treated like positive ones in
         * create_simplify. Usually exclude patterns should be a
         * subset of positive ones, which has no impacts on
         * create_simplify().
         */
        simplify = create_simplify(pathspec ? pathspec->_raw : NULL);
        untracked = validate_untracked_cache(dir, len, pathspec);
        if (!untracked)
                /*
                 * make sure untracked cache code path is disabled,
                 * e.g. prep_exclude()
                 */
                dir->untracked = NULL;
        if (!len || treat_leading_path(dir, path, len, simplify))
                read_directory_recursive(dir, path, len, untracked, 0, simplify);
        free_simplify(simplify);
        qsort(dir->entries, dir->nr, sizeof(struct dir_entry *), cmp_name);
        qsort(dir->ignored, dir->ignored_nr, sizeof(struct dir_entry *), cmp_name);
        return dir->nr;
}

int file_exists(const char *f)
{
        struct stat sb;
        return lstat(f, &sb) == 0;
}

/*
 * Given two normalized paths (a trailing slash is ok), if subdir is
 * outside dir, return -1.  Otherwise return the offset in subdir that
 * can be used as relative path to dir.
 */
int dir_inside_of(const char *subdir, const char *dir)
{
        int offset = 0;

        assert(dir && subdir && *dir && *subdir);

        while (*dir && *subdir && *dir == *subdir) {
                dir++;
                subdir++;
                offset++;
        }

        /* hel[p]/me vs hel[l]/yeah */
        if (*dir && *subdir)
                return -1;

        if (!*subdir)
                return !*dir ? offset : -1; /* same dir */

        /* foo/[b]ar vs foo/[] */
        if (is_dir_sep(dir[-1]))
                return is_dir_sep(subdir[-1]) ? offset : -1;

        /* foo[/]bar vs foo[] */
        return is_dir_sep(*subdir) ? offset + 1 : -1;
}

int is_inside_dir(const char *dir)
{
        char *cwd;
        int rc;

        if (!dir)
                return 0;

        cwd = xgetcwd();
        rc = (dir_inside_of(cwd, dir) >= 0);
        free(cwd);
        return rc;
}

int is_empty_dir(const char *path)
{
        DIR *dir = opendir(path);
        struct dirent *e;
        int ret = 1;

        if (!dir)
                return 0;

        while ((e = readdir(dir)) != NULL)
                if (!is_dot_or_dotdot(e->d_name)) {
                        ret = 0;
                        break;
                }

        closedir(dir);
        return ret;
}

static int remove_dir_recurse(struct strbuf *path, int flag, int *kept_up)
{
        DIR *dir;
        struct dirent *e;
        int ret = 0, original_len = path->len, len, kept_down = 0;
        int only_empty = (flag & REMOVE_DIR_EMPTY_ONLY);
        int keep_toplevel = (flag & REMOVE_DIR_KEEP_TOPLEVEL);
        unsigned char submodule_head[20];

        if ((flag & REMOVE_DIR_KEEP_NESTED_GIT) &&
            !resolve_gitlink_ref(path->buf, "HEAD", submodule_head)) {
                /* Do not descend and nuke a nested git work tree. */
                if (kept_up)
                        *kept_up = 1;
                return 0;
        }

        flag &= ~REMOVE_DIR_KEEP_TOPLEVEL;
        dir = opendir(path->buf);
        if (!dir) {
                if (errno == ENOENT)
                        return keep_toplevel ? -1 : 0;
                else if (errno == EACCES && !keep_toplevel)
                        /*
                         * An empty dir could be removable even if it
                         * is unreadable:
                         */
                        return rmdir(path->buf);
                else
                        return -1;
        }
        if (path->buf[original_len - 1] != '/')
                strbuf_addch(path, '/');

        len = path->len;
        while ((e = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
                struct stat st;
                if (is_dot_or_dotdot(e->d_name))
                        continue;

                strbuf_setlen(path, len);
                strbuf_addstr(path, e->d_name);
                if (lstat(path->buf, &st)) {
                        if (errno == ENOENT)
                                /*
                                 * file disappeared, which is what we
                                 * wanted anyway
                                 */
                                continue;
                        /* fall thru */
                } else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
                        if (!remove_dir_recurse(path, flag, &kept_down))
                                continue; /* happy */
                } else if (!only_empty &&
                           (!unlink(path->buf) || errno == ENOENT)) {
                        continue; /* happy, too */
                }

                /* path too long, stat fails, or non-directory still exists */
                ret = -1;
                break;
        }
        closedir(dir);

        strbuf_setlen(path, original_len);
        if (!ret && !keep_toplevel && !kept_down)
                ret = (!rmdir(path->buf) || errno == ENOENT) ? 0 : -1;
        else if (kept_up)
                /*
                 * report the uplevel that it is not an error that we
                 * did not rmdir() our directory.
                 */
                *kept_up = !ret;
        return ret;
}

int remove_dir_recursively(struct strbuf *path, int flag)
{
        return remove_dir_recurse(path, flag, NULL);
}

void setup_standard_excludes(struct dir_struct *dir)
{
        const char *path;
        char *xdg_path;

        dir->exclude_per_dir = ".gitignore";
        path = git_path("info/exclude");
        if (!excludes_file) {
                home_config_paths(NULL, &xdg_path, "ignore");
                excludes_file = xdg_path;
        }
        if (!access_or_warn(path, R_OK, 0))
                add_excludes_from_file_1(dir, path,
                                         dir->untracked ? &dir->ss_info_exclude : NULL);
        if (excludes_file && !access_or_warn(excludes_file, R_OK, 0))
                add_excludes_from_file_1(dir, excludes_file,
                                         dir->untracked ? &dir->ss_excludes_file : NULL);
}

int remove_path(const char *name)
{
        char *slash;

        if (unlink(name) && errno != ENOENT && errno != ENOTDIR)
                return -1;

        slash = strrchr(name, '/');
        if (slash) {
                char *dirs = xstrdup(name);
                slash = dirs + (slash - name);
                do {
                        *slash = '\0';
                } while (rmdir(dirs) == 0 && (slash = strrchr(dirs, '/')));
                free(dirs);
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Frees memory within dir which was allocated for exclude lists and
 * the exclude_stack.  Does not free dir itself.
 */
void clear_directory(struct dir_struct *dir)
{
        int i, j;
        struct exclude_list_group *group;
        struct exclude_list *el;
        struct exclude_stack *stk;

        for (i = EXC_CMDL; i <= EXC_FILE; i++) {
                group = &dir->exclude_list_group[i];
                for (j = 0; j < group->nr; j++) {
                        el = &group->el[j];
                        if (i == EXC_DIRS)
                                free((char *)el->src);
                        clear_exclude_list(el);
                }
                free(group->el);
        }

        stk = dir->exclude_stack;
        while (stk) {
                struct exclude_stack *prev = stk->prev;
                free(stk);
                stk = prev;
        }
        strbuf_release(&dir->basebuf);
}