6 git-send-email - Send a collection of patches as emails
12 'git send-email' [options] <file|directory|rev-list options>...
13 'git send-email' --dump-aliases
18 Takes the patches given on the command line and emails them out.
19 Patches can be specified as files, directories (which will send all
20 files in the directory), or directly as a revision list. In the
21 last case, any format accepted by linkgit:git-format-patch[1] can
22 be passed to git send-email.
24 The header of the email is configurable via command-line options. If not
25 specified on the command line, the user will be prompted with a ReadLine
26 enabled interface to provide the necessary information.
28 There are two formats accepted for patch files:
32 This is what linkgit:git-format-patch[1] generates. Most headers and MIME
33 formatting are ignored.
35 2. The original format used by Greg Kroah-Hartman's 'send_lots_of_email.pl'
38 This format expects the first line of the file to contain the "Cc:" value
39 and the "Subject:" of the message as the second line.
49 Review and edit each patch you're about to send. Default is the value
50 of `sendemail.annotate`. See the CONFIGURATION section for
51 `sendemail.multiEdit`.
54 Specify a "Bcc:" value for each email. Default is the value of
57 This option may be specified multiple times.
60 Specify a starting "Cc:" value for each email.
61 Default is the value of `sendemail.cc`.
63 This option may be specified multiple times.
66 Invoke a text editor (see GIT_EDITOR in linkgit:git-var[1])
67 to edit an introductory message for the patch series.
69 When `--compose` is used, git send-email will use the From, Subject, and
70 In-Reply-To headers specified in the message. If the body of the message
71 (what you type after the headers and a blank line) only contains blank
72 (or Git: prefixed) lines, the summary won't be sent, but From, Subject,
73 and In-Reply-To headers will be used unless they are removed.
75 Missing From or In-Reply-To headers will be prompted for.
77 See the CONFIGURATION section for `sendemail.multiEdit`.
80 Specify the sender of the emails. If not specified on the command line,
81 the value of the `sendemail.from` configuration option is used. If
82 neither the command-line option nor `sendemail.from` are set, then the
83 user will be prompted for the value. The default for the prompt will be
84 the value of GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT, or GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT if that is not
85 set, as returned by "git var -l".
87 --in-reply-to=<identifier>::
88 Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a
89 reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to
90 provide a new patch series.
91 The second and subsequent emails will be sent as replies according to
92 the `--[no-]chain-reply-to` setting.
94 So for example when `--thread` and `--no-chain-reply-to` are specified, the
95 second and subsequent patches will be replies to the first one like in the
96 illustration below where `[PATCH v2 0/3]` is in reply to `[PATCH 0/2]`:
98 [PATCH 0/2] Here is what I did...
99 [PATCH 1/2] Clean up and tests
100 [PATCH 2/2] Implementation
101 [PATCH v2 0/3] Here is a reroll
102 [PATCH v2 1/3] Clean up
103 [PATCH v2 2/3] New tests
104 [PATCH v2 3/3] Implementation
106 Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose
107 is not set, this will be prompted for.
110 Specify the initial subject of the email thread.
111 Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose
112 is not set, this will be prompted for.
115 Specify the primary recipient of the emails generated. Generally, this
116 will be the upstream maintainer of the project involved. Default is the
117 value of the `sendemail.to` configuration value; if that is unspecified,
118 and --to-cmd is not specified, this will be prompted for.
120 This option may be specified multiple times.
122 --8bit-encoding=<encoding>::
123 When encountering a non-ASCII message or subject that does not
124 declare its encoding, add headers/quoting to indicate it is
125 encoded in <encoding>. Default is the value of the
126 'sendemail.assume8bitEncoding'; if that is unspecified, this
127 will be prompted for if any non-ASCII files are encountered.
129 Note that no attempts whatsoever are made to validate the encoding.
131 --compose-encoding=<encoding>::
132 Specify encoding of compose message. Default is the value of the
133 'sendemail.composeencoding'; if that is unspecified, UTF-8 is assumed.
135 --transfer-encoding=(7bit|8bit|quoted-printable|base64)::
136 Specify the transfer encoding to be used to send the message over SMTP.
137 7bit will fail upon encountering a non-ASCII message. quoted-printable
138 can be useful when the repository contains files that contain carriage
139 returns, but makes the raw patch email file (as saved from a MUA) much
140 harder to inspect manually. base64 is even more fool proof, but also
141 even more opaque. Default is the value of the `sendemail.transferEncoding`
142 configuration value; if that is unspecified, git will use 8bit and not
143 add a Content-Transfer-Encoding header.
147 Add (or prevent adding) the "X-Mailer:" header. By default,
148 the header is added, but it can be turned off by setting the
149 `sendemail.xmailer` configuration variable to `false`.
154 --envelope-sender=<address>::
155 Specify the envelope sender used to send the emails.
156 This is useful if your default address is not the address that is
157 subscribed to a list. In order to use the 'From' address, set the
158 value to "auto". If you use the sendmail binary, you must have
159 suitable privileges for the -f parameter. Default is the value of the
160 `sendemail.envelopeSender` configuration variable; if that is
161 unspecified, choosing the envelope sender is left to your MTA.
163 --smtp-encryption=<encryption>::
164 Specify the encryption to use, either 'ssl' or 'tls'. Any other
165 value reverts to plain SMTP. Default is the value of
166 `sendemail.smtpEncryption`.
168 --smtp-domain=<FQDN>::
169 Specifies the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) used in the
170 HELO/EHLO command to the SMTP server. Some servers require the
171 FQDN to match your IP address. If not set, git send-email attempts
172 to determine your FQDN automatically. Default is the value of
173 `sendemail.smtpDomain`.
175 --smtp-auth=<mechanisms>::
176 Whitespace-separated list of allowed SMTP-AUTH mechanisms. This setting
177 forces using only the listed mechanisms. Example:
180 $ git send-email --smtp-auth="PLAIN LOGIN GSSAPI" ...
183 If at least one of the specified mechanisms matches the ones advertised by the
184 SMTP server and if it is supported by the utilized SASL library, the mechanism
185 is used for authentication. If neither 'sendemail.smtpAuth' nor `--smtp-auth`
186 is specified, all mechanisms supported by the SASL library can be used.
188 --smtp-pass[=<password>]::
189 Password for SMTP-AUTH. The argument is optional: If no
190 argument is specified, then the empty string is used as
191 the password. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpPass`,
192 however `--smtp-pass` always overrides this value.
194 Furthermore, passwords need not be specified in configuration files
195 or on the command line. If a username has been specified (with
196 `--smtp-user` or a `sendemail.smtpUser`), but no password has been
197 specified (with `--smtp-pass` or `sendemail.smtpPass`), then
198 a password is obtained using 'git-credential'.
200 --smtp-server=<host>::
201 If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server to use (e.g.
202 `smtp.example.com` or a raw IP address). Alternatively it can
203 specify a full pathname of a sendmail-like program instead;
204 the program must support the `-i` option. Default value can
205 be specified by the `sendemail.smtpServer` configuration
206 option; the built-in default is `/usr/sbin/sendmail` or
207 `/usr/lib/sendmail` if such program is available, or
208 `localhost` otherwise.
210 --smtp-server-port=<port>::
211 Specifies a port different from the default port (SMTP
212 servers typically listen to smtp port 25, but may also listen to
213 submission port 587, or the common SSL smtp port 465);
214 symbolic port names (e.g. "submission" instead of 587)
215 are also accepted. The port can also be set with the
216 `sendemail.smtpServerPort` configuration variable.
218 --smtp-server-option=<option>::
219 If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server option to use.
220 Default value can be specified by the `sendemail.smtpServerOption`
221 configuration option.
223 The --smtp-server-option option must be repeated for each option you want
224 to pass to the server. Likewise, different lines in the configuration files
225 must be used for each option.
228 Legacy alias for '--smtp-encryption ssl'.
230 --smtp-ssl-cert-path::
231 Path to a store of trusted CA certificates for SMTP SSL/TLS
232 certificate validation (either a directory that has been processed
233 by 'c_rehash', or a single file containing one or more PEM format
234 certificates concatenated together: see verify(1) -CAfile and
235 -CApath for more information on these). Set it to an empty string
236 to disable certificate verification. Defaults to the value of the
237 `sendemail.smtpsslcertpath` configuration variable, if set, or the
238 backing SSL library's compiled-in default otherwise (which should
239 be the best choice on most platforms).
242 Username for SMTP-AUTH. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpUser`;
243 if a username is not specified (with `--smtp-user` or `sendemail.smtpUser`),
244 then authentication is not attempted.
247 Enable (1) or disable (0) debug output. If enabled, SMTP
248 commands and replies will be printed. Useful to debug TLS
249 connection and authentication problems.
252 Some email servers (e.g. smtp.163.com) limit the number emails to be
253 sent per session (connection) and this will lead to a faliure when
254 sending many messages. With this option, send-email will disconnect after
255 sending $<num> messages and wait for a few seconds (see --relogin-delay)
256 and reconnect, to work around such a limit. You may want to
257 use some form of credential helper to avoid having to retype
258 your password every time this happens. Defaults to the
259 `sendemail.smtpBatchSize` configuration variable.
261 --relogin-delay=<int>::
262 Waiting $<int> seconds before reconnecting to SMTP server. Used together
263 with --batch-size option. Defaults to the `sendemail.smtpReloginDelay`
264 configuration variable.
270 Specify a command to execute once per patch file which
271 should generate patch file specific "To:" entries.
272 Output of this command must be single email address per line.
273 Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocmd' configuration value.
276 Specify a command to execute once per patch file which
277 should generate patch file specific "Cc:" entries.
278 Output of this command must be single email address per line.
279 Default is the value of `sendemail.ccCmd` configuration value.
281 --[no-]chain-reply-to::
282 If this is set, each email will be sent as a reply to the previous
283 email sent. If disabled with "--no-chain-reply-to", all emails after
284 the first will be sent as replies to the first email sent. When using
285 this, it is recommended that the first file given be an overview of the
286 entire patch series. Disabled by default, but the `sendemail.chainReplyTo`
287 configuration variable can be used to enable it.
289 --identity=<identity>::
290 A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the
291 'sendemail.<identity>' subsection to take precedence over
292 values in the 'sendemail' section. The default identity is
293 the value of `sendemail.identity`.
295 --[no-]signed-off-by-cc::
296 If this is set, add emails found in Signed-off-by: or Cc: lines to the
297 cc list. Default is the value of `sendemail.signedoffbycc` configuration
298 value; if that is unspecified, default to --signed-off-by-cc.
301 If this is set, emails found in Cc: headers in the first patch of
302 the series (typically the cover letter) are added to the cc list
303 for each email set. Default is the value of 'sendemail.cccover'
304 configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-cc-cover.
307 If this is set, emails found in To: headers in the first patch of
308 the series (typically the cover letter) are added to the to list
309 for each email set. Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocover'
310 configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-to-cover.
312 --suppress-cc=<category>::
313 Specify an additional category of recipients to suppress the
317 - 'author' will avoid including the patch author
318 - 'self' will avoid including the sender
319 - 'cc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the patch header
320 except for self (use 'self' for that).
321 - 'bodycc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the
322 patch body (commit message) except for self (use 'self' for that).
323 - 'sob' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Signed-off-by lines except
324 for self (use 'self' for that).
325 - 'cccmd' will avoid running the --cc-cmd.
326 - 'body' is equivalent to 'sob' + 'bodycc'
327 - 'all' will suppress all auto cc values.
330 Default is the value of `sendemail.suppresscc` configuration value; if
331 that is unspecified, default to 'self' if --suppress-from is
332 specified, as well as 'body' if --no-signed-off-cc is specified.
334 --[no-]suppress-from::
335 If this is set, do not add the From: address to the cc: list.
336 Default is the value of `sendemail.suppressFrom` configuration
337 value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-suppress-from.
340 If this is set, the In-Reply-To and References headers will be
341 added to each email sent. Whether each mail refers to the
342 previous email (`deep` threading per 'git format-patch'
343 wording) or to the first email (`shallow` threading) is
344 governed by "--[no-]chain-reply-to".
346 If disabled with "--no-thread", those headers will not be added
347 (unless specified with --in-reply-to). Default is the value of the
348 `sendemail.thread` configuration value; if that is unspecified,
351 It is up to the user to ensure that no In-Reply-To header already
352 exists when 'git send-email' is asked to add it (especially note that
353 'git format-patch' can be configured to do the threading itself).
354 Failure to do so may not produce the expected result in the
362 Confirm just before sending:
365 - 'always' will always confirm before sending
366 - 'never' will never confirm before sending
367 - 'cc' will confirm before sending when send-email has automatically
368 added addresses from the patch to the Cc list
369 - 'compose' will confirm before sending the first message when using --compose.
370 - 'auto' is equivalent to 'cc' + 'compose'
373 Default is the value of `sendemail.confirm` configuration value; if that
374 is unspecified, default to 'auto' unless any of the suppress options
375 have been specified, in which case default to 'compose'.
378 Do everything except actually send the emails.
380 --[no-]format-patch::
381 When an argument may be understood either as a reference or as a file name,
382 choose to understand it as a format-patch argument (`--format-patch`)
383 or as a file name (`--no-format-patch`). By default, when such a conflict
384 occurs, git send-email will fail.
387 Make git-send-email less verbose. One line per email should be
391 Perform sanity checks on patches.
392 Currently, validation means the following:
395 * Invoke the sendemail-validate hook if present (see linkgit:githooks[5]).
396 * Warn of patches that contain lines longer than 998 characters; this
397 is due to SMTP limits as described by http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2821.txt.
400 Default is the value of `sendemail.validate`; if this is not set,
401 default to `--validate`.
404 Send emails even if safety checks would prevent it.
411 Instead of the normal operation, dump the shorthand alias names from
412 the configured alias file(s), one per line in alphabetical order. Note,
413 this only includes the alias name and not its expanded email addresses.
414 See 'sendemail.aliasesfile' for more information about aliases.
420 sendemail.aliasesFile::
421 To avoid typing long email addresses, point this to one or more
422 email aliases files. You must also supply `sendemail.aliasFileType`.
424 sendemail.aliasFileType::
425 Format of the file(s) specified in sendemail.aliasesFile. Must be
426 one of 'mutt', 'mailrc', 'pine', 'elm', or 'gnus', or 'sendmail'.
428 What an alias file in each format looks like can be found in
429 the documentation of the email program of the same name. The
430 differences and limitations from the standard formats are
435 * Quoted aliases and quoted addresses are not supported: lines that
436 contain a `"` symbol are ignored.
437 * Redirection to a file (`/path/name`) or pipe (`|command`) is not
439 * File inclusion (`:include: /path/name`) is not supported.
440 * Warnings are printed on the standard error output for any
441 explicitly unsupported constructs, and any other lines that are not
442 recognized by the parser.
445 sendemail.multiEdit::
446 If true (default), a single editor instance will be spawned to edit
447 files you have to edit (patches when `--annotate` is used, and the
448 summary when `--compose` is used). If false, files will be edited one
449 after the other, spawning a new editor each time.
452 Sets the default for whether to confirm before sending. Must be
453 one of 'always', 'never', 'cc', 'compose', or 'auto'. See `--confirm`
454 in the previous section for the meaning of these values.
458 Use gmail as the smtp server
459 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
460 To use 'git send-email' to send your patches through the GMail SMTP server,
461 edit ~/.gitconfig to specify your account settings:
465 smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com
466 smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com
469 If you have multifactor authentication setup on your gmail account, you will
470 need to generate an app-specific password for use with 'git send-email'. Visit
471 https://security.google.com/settings/security/apppasswords to setup an
472 app-specific password. Once setup, you can store it with the credentials
475 $ git credential fill
478 username=youname@gmail.com
479 password=app-password
482 Once your commits are ready to be sent to the mailing list, run the
485 $ git format-patch --cover-letter -M origin/master -o outgoing/
486 $ edit outgoing/0000-*
487 $ git send-email outgoing/*
489 Note: the following perl modules are required
490 Net::SMTP::SSL, MIME::Base64 and Authen::SASL
494 linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-imap-send[1], mbox(5)
498 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite