6 gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions
16 This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI.
18 Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes
19 "tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their
20 arguments. Here are the rules:
22 * Options come first and then args.
23 A subcommand may take dashed options (which may take their own
24 arguments, e.g. "--max-parents 2") and arguments. You SHOULD
25 give dashed options first and then arguments. Some commands may
26 accept dashed options after you have already gave non-option
27 arguments (which may make the command ambiguous), but you should
28 not rely on it (because eventually we may find a way to fix
29 these ambiguity by enforcing the "options then args" rule).
31 * Revisions come first and then paths.
32 E.g. in `git diff v1.0 v2.0 arch/x86 include/asm-x86`,
33 `v1.0` and `v2.0` are revisions and `arch/x86` and `include/asm-x86`
36 * When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path,
37 they can be disambiguated by placing `--` between them.
38 E.g. `git diff -- HEAD` is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work
39 tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the index
40 and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show difference
41 between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say
42 `git diff HEAD --` to ask for the latter.
44 * Without disambiguating `--`, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors
45 out and asking you to disambiguate when ambiguous. E.g. if you have a
46 file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and
47 you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to
50 * Because `--` disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it
51 cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions.
52 You can use `--end-of-options` for this (it also works for commands
53 that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it
54 is simply an alias for `--`).
56 When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is
57 a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing
58 disambiguating `--` at appropriate places.
60 * Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect
61 them from getting globbed by the shell. These two mean different
64 --------------------------------
67 --------------------------------
69 The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking
70 the dot-C files in your working tree to be overwritten with the version
71 in the index. The latter passes the `*.c` to Git, and you are asking
72 the paths in the index that match the pattern to be checked out to your
73 working tree. After running `git add hello.c; rm hello.c`, you will _not_
74 see `hello.c` in your working tree with the former, but with the latter
77 * Just as the filesystem '.' (period) refers to the current directory,
78 using a '.' as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative
79 path and means your current repository.
81 Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are
84 * It's preferred to use the non-dashed form of Git commands, which means that
85 you should prefer `git foo` to `git-foo`.
87 * Splitting short options to separate words (prefer `git foo -a -b`
88 to `git foo -ab`, the latter may not even work).
90 * When a command-line option takes an argument, use the 'stuck' form. In
91 other words, write `git foo -oArg` instead of `git foo -o Arg` for short
92 options, and `git foo --long-opt=Arg` instead of `git foo --long-opt Arg`
93 for long options. An option that takes optional option-argument must be
94 written in the 'stuck' form.
96 * When you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is
97 not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write
98 `git log -1 HEAD` but write `git log -1 HEAD --`; the former will not work
99 if you happen to have a file called `HEAD` in the work tree.
101 * Many commands allow a long option `--option` to be abbreviated
102 only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option
103 whose name begins with `opt`, you may be able to spell `--opt` to
104 invoke the `--option` flag), but you should fully spell them out
105 when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a
106 new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. `--optimize`,
107 to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique.
110 ENHANCED OPTION PARSER
111 ----------------------
112 From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the
113 time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.
115 Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser.
120 Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a
121 couple of magic command-line options:
124 gives a pretty printed usage of the command.
126 ---------------------------------------------
128 usage: git describe [<options>] <commit-ish>*
129 or: git describe [<options>] --dirty
131 --contains find the tag that comes after the commit
132 --debug debug search strategy on stderr
134 --tags use any tag, even unannotated
135 --long always use long format
136 --abbrev[=<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s
137 ---------------------------------------------
139 Note that some subcommand (e.g. `git grep`) may behave differently
140 when there are things on the command line other than `-h`, but `git
141 subcmd -h` without anything else on the command line is meant to
142 consistently give the usage.
145 Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that
146 are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This
147 option gives the full list of options.
152 Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing `--no-`. For
153 example, `git branch` has the option `--track` which is 'on' by default. You
154 can use `--no-track` to override that behaviour. The same goes for `--color`
158 Aggregating short options
159 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
160 Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short
161 options. This means that you can for example use `git rm -rf` or
165 Abbreviating long options
166 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
167 Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique
168 prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this
169 with a caution. For example, `git commit --amen` behaves as if you
170 typed `git commit --amend`, but that is true only until a later version
171 of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix,
172 e.g. `git commit --amenity` option.
175 Separating argument from the option
176 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
177 You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate
178 word on the command line. That means that all the following uses work:
180 ----------------------------
181 $ git foo --long-opt=Arg
182 $ git foo --long-opt Arg
185 ----------------------------
187 However, this is *NOT* allowed for switches with an optional value, where the
188 'stuck' form must be used:
189 ----------------------------
190 $ git describe --abbrev HEAD # correct
191 $ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD # correct
192 $ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT
193 ----------------------------
196 NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS
197 ------------------------------------
199 Many commands that can work on files in the working tree
200 and/or in the index can take `--cached` and/or `--index`
201 options. Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because
202 the index was originally called cache, these two are
203 synonyms. They are *not* -- these two options mean very
206 * The `--cached` option is used to ask a command that
207 usually works on files in the working tree to *only* work
208 with the index. For example, `git grep`, when used
209 without a commit to specify from which commit to look for
210 strings in, usually works on files in the working tree,
211 but with the `--cached` option, it looks for strings in
214 * The `--index` option is used to ask a command that
215 usually works on files in the working tree to *also*
216 affect the index. For example, `git stash apply` usually
217 merges changes recorded in a stash entry to the working tree,
218 but with the `--index` option, it also merges changes to
221 `git apply` command can be used with `--cached` and
222 `--index` (but not at the same time). Usually the command
223 only affects the files in the working tree, but with
224 `--index`, it patches both the files and their index
225 entries, and with `--cached`, it modifies only the index
228 See also https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/ and
229 https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for further
232 Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or
233 in the index can take `--staged` and/or `--worktree`.
235 * `--staged` is exactly like `--cached`, which is used to ask a
236 command to only work on the index, not the working tree.
238 * `--worktree` is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the
239 working tree only, not the index.
241 * The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work
242 on both the index and the working tree.
246 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite