6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v2.4.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.2]
49 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
50 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
51 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
53 * link:v2.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.8]
56 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8],
57 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7],
58 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6],
59 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5],
60 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4],
61 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3],
62 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2],
63 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
64 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
66 * link:v2.2.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.2]
69 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
70 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
71 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
73 * link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
76 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
77 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
78 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
79 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
80 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
82 * link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
85 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
86 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4],
87 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
88 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2],
89 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
90 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
92 * link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
95 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5],
96 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
97 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
98 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2],
99 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1],
100 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
102 * link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
105 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
106 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
107 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4],
108 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
109 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
110 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
111 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
113 * link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
116 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
117 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
118 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
119 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
120 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
121 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
123 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
126 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
127 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
128 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
129 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
130 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
132 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
135 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
136 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
137 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
138 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
140 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
143 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
144 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
145 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
146 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
147 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
148 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
149 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
151 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
154 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
155 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
156 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
157 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
159 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
168 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
177 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
178 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
180 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
185 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
186 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
187 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
188 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
190 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
195 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
196 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
197 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
198 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
202 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
205 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
206 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
207 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
208 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
211 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
213 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
216 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
217 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
218 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
219 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
222 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
223 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
225 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
228 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
229 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
230 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
231 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
232 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
233 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
234 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
236 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
239 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
240 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
241 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
242 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
243 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
245 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
248 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
249 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
250 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
251 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
252 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
253 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
255 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
258 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
259 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
260 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
261 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
262 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
263 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
265 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
268 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
269 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
270 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
271 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
272 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
273 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
275 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
278 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
279 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
280 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
281 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
282 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
284 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
287 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
288 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
289 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
290 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
291 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
292 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
293 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
294 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
295 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
296 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
298 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
301 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
302 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
303 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
304 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
306 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
309 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
310 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
311 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
312 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
313 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
314 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
315 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
316 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
317 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
318 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
320 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
323 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
324 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
325 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
326 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
327 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
328 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
330 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
333 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
334 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
335 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
336 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
337 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
340 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
341 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
342 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
343 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
344 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
345 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
347 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
350 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
351 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
352 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
353 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
355 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
358 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
359 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
360 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
361 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
362 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
363 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
364 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
366 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
369 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
370 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
371 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
372 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
373 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
374 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
375 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
377 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
380 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
381 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
382 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
383 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
384 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
385 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
386 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
388 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
391 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
392 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
393 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
394 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
395 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
396 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
397 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
398 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
400 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
403 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
404 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
405 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
406 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
407 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
408 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
409 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
410 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
411 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
413 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
416 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
417 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
418 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
419 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
420 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
421 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
423 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
426 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
427 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
428 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
429 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
430 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
431 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
432 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
434 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
437 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
438 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
439 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
440 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
441 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
442 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
443 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
445 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
446 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
447 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
448 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
457 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
460 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
461 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
462 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
463 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
465 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
466 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
467 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
471 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
472 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
473 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
476 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
477 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
478 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
479 example the following invocations are equivalent:
481 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
482 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
485 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
486 given will override values from configuration files.
487 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
488 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
490 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
491 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
492 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
493 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
495 --exec-path[=<path>]::
496 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
497 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
498 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
499 the current setting and then exit.
502 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
503 documentation is installed and exit.
506 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
507 this version of Git and exit.
510 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
511 version of Git are installed and exit.
515 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
516 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
517 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
521 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
524 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
525 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
526 path or relative path to current working directory.
529 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
530 or a path relative to the current working directory.
531 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
532 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
533 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
534 more detailed discussion).
537 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
538 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
542 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
543 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
546 --no-replace-objects::
547 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
548 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
550 --literal-pathspecs::
551 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
552 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
556 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
557 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
558 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
562 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
563 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
564 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
568 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
569 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
574 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
575 ("plumbing") commands.
577 High-level commands (porcelain)
578 -------------------------------
580 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
581 ancillary user utilities.
583 Main porcelain commands
584 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
586 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
592 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
596 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
599 Interacting with Others
600 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
602 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
603 people via patch over e-mail.
605 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
608 Low-level commands (plumbing)
609 -----------------------------
611 Although Git includes its
612 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
613 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
614 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
615 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
617 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
618 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
619 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
620 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
621 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
624 The following description divides
625 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
626 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
627 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
631 Manipulation commands
632 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
634 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
637 Interrogation commands
638 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
640 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
642 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
646 Synching repositories
647 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
649 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
651 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
652 typically do not use them directly.
654 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
657 Internal helper commands
658 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
660 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
661 users typically do not use them directly.
663 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
666 Configuration Mechanism
667 -----------------------
669 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
670 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
675 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
680 ; Don't trust file modes
685 name = "Junio C Hamano"
686 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
690 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
691 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
692 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
695 Identifier Terminology
696 ----------------------
698 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
701 Indicates a blob object name.
704 Indicates a tree object name.
707 Indicates a commit object name.
710 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
711 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
712 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
713 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
716 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
717 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
718 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
719 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
722 Indicates that an object type is required.
723 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
726 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
727 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
731 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
735 indicates the head of the current branch.
739 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
743 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
745 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
746 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
749 File/Directory Structure
750 ------------------------
752 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
754 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
756 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
762 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
765 Environment Variables
766 ---------------------
767 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
771 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
772 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
773 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
776 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
777 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
780 'GIT_INDEX_VERSION'::
781 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
782 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
783 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
784 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
786 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
787 If the object storage directory is specified via this
788 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
789 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
792 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
793 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
794 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
795 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
796 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
797 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
800 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
801 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
802 for the base of the repository.
803 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
806 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
807 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command-line
808 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
811 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
812 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
814 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
815 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
816 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
817 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
818 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
819 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
820 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
821 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
822 might be present in order to compare them with the current
823 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
824 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
825 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
827 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
829 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
830 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
831 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
832 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
833 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
834 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
835 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
836 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
840 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
841 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
842 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
843 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
844 the section 'MULTIPLE CHECKOUT MODE' in linkgit:checkout[1]
845 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
846 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
853 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
854 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
855 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
857 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
862 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
863 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
864 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
865 value passed on the Git diff command line.
867 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
868 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
869 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
870 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
871 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
873 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
877 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
878 contents of <old|new>,
879 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
880 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
882 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
883 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
884 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
885 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
886 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
888 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
891 For each path 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called, two environment variables,
892 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER' and 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL' are set.
894 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER'::
895 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
897 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL'::
898 The total number of paths.
902 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
903 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
904 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
905 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
908 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
909 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
910 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
911 linkgit:git-config[1].
914 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
915 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
916 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
917 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
921 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
922 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
923 when they need to connect to a remote system.
924 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
925 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
926 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
927 '-p' (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
928 something other than the default SSH port.
930 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
931 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
932 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
933 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
936 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
937 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
941 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
942 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
943 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
944 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askPass'
945 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
947 'GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT'::
948 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
949 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
951 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
952 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
953 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
954 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
955 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
956 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
957 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
960 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
961 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
962 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
963 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
965 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
966 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
967 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
968 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
971 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
972 command execution and external command execution.
974 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
975 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
978 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
979 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
980 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
981 trace messages into this file descriptor.
983 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
984 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
985 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
988 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
989 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
991 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
992 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
993 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
994 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
995 pack-related performance problems.
996 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
999 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1000 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1001 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1002 starting with "PACK".
1003 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1005 'GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE'::
1006 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1007 time of each Git command.
1008 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1011 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1012 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1013 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1015 'GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW'::
1016 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1017 cloning of shallow repositories.
1018 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1020 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
1021 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1022 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1023 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1024 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1025 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1026 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1027 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1029 GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS::
1030 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1031 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1033 GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS::
1034 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1035 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1037 GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS::
1038 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1039 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1041 'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION'::
1042 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1043 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1044 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1045 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1046 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1047 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1048 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1049 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1051 `GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1052 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1053 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1054 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1055 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1056 this variable automatically when performing destructive
1057 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1058 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1059 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1060 cloning a repository to make a backup).
1063 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1064 ------------------------
1066 More detail on the following is available from the
1067 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1068 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1070 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1071 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1072 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1073 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1074 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1075 as tags and branch heads.
1077 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1078 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1079 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1080 and some number of parent commits.
1082 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1083 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1084 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1085 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1087 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1088 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1089 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1090 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1093 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1094 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1096 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1097 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1098 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1099 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1100 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1101 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1103 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1104 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1105 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1106 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1107 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1108 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1109 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1110 content stored in the index.
1112 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1113 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1114 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1116 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1117 ---------------------
1119 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1120 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1121 for a first-time user.
1123 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1124 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1125 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1127 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1129 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1132 The internals are documented in the
1133 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1135 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1136 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1141 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1142 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1143 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1144 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1146 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1147 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1148 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1153 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1154 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1155 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1159 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1160 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1161 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1162 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1163 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1167 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite