6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
16 [--super-prefix=<path>]
21 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
22 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
23 and full access to internals.
25 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
26 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
27 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
28 in-depth introduction.
30 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
31 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
32 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
33 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
35 A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
36 can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v2.12.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.12.3]
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52 link:RelNotes/2.12.1.txt[2.12.1],
53 link:RelNotes/2.12.0.txt[2.12].
55 * link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1]
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221 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
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485 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
486 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
487 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
489 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
492 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
493 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
494 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
495 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
496 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
497 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
498 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
499 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
500 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
502 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
505 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
506 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
507 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
508 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
509 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
510 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
512 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
515 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
516 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
517 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
518 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
519 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
520 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
521 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
523 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
526 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
527 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
528 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
529 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
530 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
531 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
532 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
534 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
535 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
536 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
537 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
546 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
549 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
550 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
551 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
552 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
554 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
555 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
556 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
560 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
561 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
562 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
565 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
566 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
567 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
568 example the following invocations are equivalent:
570 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
571 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
574 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
575 given will override values from configuration files.
576 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
577 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
579 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
580 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
581 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
582 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
584 --exec-path[=<path>]::
585 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
586 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
587 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
588 the current setting and then exit.
591 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
592 documentation is installed and exit.
595 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
596 this version of Git and exit.
599 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
600 version of Git are installed and exit.
604 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
605 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
606 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
610 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
613 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
614 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
615 path or relative path to current working directory.
618 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
619 or a path relative to the current working directory.
620 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
621 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
622 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
623 more detailed discussion).
626 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
627 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
630 --super-prefix=<path>::
631 Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from
632 above a repository down to its root. One use is to give submodules
633 context about the superproject that invoked it.
636 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
637 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
640 --no-replace-objects::
641 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
642 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
644 --literal-pathspecs::
645 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
646 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
650 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
651 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
652 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
656 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
657 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
658 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
662 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
663 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
668 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
669 ("plumbing") commands.
671 High-level commands (porcelain)
672 -------------------------------
674 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
675 ancillary user utilities.
677 Main porcelain commands
678 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
680 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
686 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
690 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
693 Interacting with Others
694 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
696 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
697 people via patch over e-mail.
699 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
702 Low-level commands (plumbing)
703 -----------------------------
705 Although Git includes its
706 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
707 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
708 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
709 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
711 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
712 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
713 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
714 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
715 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
718 The following description divides
719 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
720 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
721 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
725 Manipulation commands
726 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
728 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
731 Interrogation commands
732 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
734 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
736 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
740 Synching repositories
741 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
743 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
745 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
746 typically do not use them directly.
748 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
751 Internal helper commands
752 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
754 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
755 users typically do not use them directly.
757 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
760 Configuration Mechanism
761 -----------------------
763 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
764 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
769 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
774 ; Don't trust file modes
779 name = "Junio C Hamano"
780 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
784 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
785 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
786 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
789 Identifier Terminology
790 ----------------------
792 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
795 Indicates a blob object name.
798 Indicates a tree object name.
801 Indicates a commit object name.
804 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
805 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
806 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
807 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
810 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
811 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
812 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
813 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
816 Indicates that an object type is required.
817 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
820 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
821 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
825 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
829 indicates the head of the current branch.
833 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
837 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
839 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
840 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
843 File/Directory Structure
844 ------------------------
846 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
848 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
850 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
856 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
859 Environment Variables
860 ---------------------
861 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
865 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
866 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
867 Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
870 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
871 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
874 `GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
875 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
876 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
877 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
878 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
880 `GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
881 If the object storage directory is specified via this
882 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
883 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
886 `GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
887 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
888 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
889 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
890 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
891 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
893 Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted
894 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
895 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
896 `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths:
897 `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`.
900 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
901 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
902 for the base of the repository.
903 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
906 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
907 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
908 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
911 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
912 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
914 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
915 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
916 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
917 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
918 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
919 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
920 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
921 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
922 might be present in order to compare them with the current
923 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
924 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
925 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
927 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
929 `GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
930 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
931 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
932 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
933 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
934 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
935 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
936 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
940 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
941 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
942 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
943 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
944 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
945 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
946 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
953 `GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
954 `GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
955 `GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
957 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
962 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
963 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
964 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
965 value passed on the Git diff command line.
967 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
968 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
969 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
970 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
971 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
973 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
977 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
978 contents of <old|new>,
979 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
980 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
982 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
983 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
984 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
985 index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
986 temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
988 For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
991 For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
992 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
994 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
995 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
997 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
998 The total number of paths.
1002 `GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
1003 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
1004 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
1005 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
1008 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
1009 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
1010 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
1011 linkgit:git-config[1].
1014 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
1015 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
1016 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
1017 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1021 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
1022 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
1023 when they need to connect to a remote system.
1024 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
1025 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
1026 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
1027 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1028 something other than the default SSH port.
1030 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1031 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1032 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1033 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1036 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1037 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
1038 for further details.
1041 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1042 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1043 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1044 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1045 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1047 `GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1048 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1049 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1051 `GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1052 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1053 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
1054 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1055 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1056 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1057 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1060 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1061 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1062 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1063 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1065 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1066 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
1067 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1068 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1071 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1072 command execution and external command execution.
1074 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1075 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1078 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1079 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1080 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1081 trace messages into this file descriptor.
1083 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1084 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1085 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1088 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1089 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1091 `GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1092 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1093 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1094 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1095 pack-related performance problems.
1096 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1098 `GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1099 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1100 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1101 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1102 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1103 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1105 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1106 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1107 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1108 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1109 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1110 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1111 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1113 Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1114 of clones and fetches.
1116 `GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1117 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1118 time of each Git command.
1119 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1122 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1123 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1124 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1126 `GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1127 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1128 cloning of shallow repositories.
1129 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1132 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1133 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1134 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1135 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1137 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1139 `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1140 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1141 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1142 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1143 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1144 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1145 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1146 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1148 `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1149 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1150 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1152 `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1153 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1154 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1156 `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1157 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1158 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1160 `GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1161 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1162 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1163 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1164 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1165 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1166 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1167 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1168 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1170 `GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1171 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1172 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1173 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1174 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1175 this variable automatically when performing destructive
1176 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1177 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1178 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1179 cloning a repository to make a backup).
1181 `GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1182 If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
1183 `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed
1184 protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always`
1185 (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any
1186 protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a
1187 whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of
1188 `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1190 `GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`::
1191 Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
1192 configured to the `user` state. This is useful to restrict recursive
1193 submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
1194 which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See
1195 linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1197 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1198 ------------------------
1200 More detail on the following is available from the
1201 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1202 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1204 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1205 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1206 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1207 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1208 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1209 as tags and branch heads.
1211 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1212 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1213 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1214 and some number of parent commits.
1216 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1217 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1218 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1219 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1221 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1222 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1223 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1224 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1227 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1228 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1230 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1231 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1232 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1233 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1234 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1235 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1237 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1238 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1239 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1240 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1241 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1242 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1243 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1244 content stored in the index.
1246 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1247 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1248 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1250 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1251 ---------------------
1253 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1254 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1255 for a first-time user.
1257 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1258 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1259 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1261 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1263 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1266 The internals are documented in the
1267 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1269 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1270 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1275 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1276 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1277 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1278 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1280 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1281 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1282 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1287 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1288 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1289 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1293 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1294 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1295 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1296 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1297 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1301 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite