6 git-send-email - Send a collection of patches as emails
12 'git send-email' [<options>] <file|directory>...
13 'git send-email' [<options>] <format-patch options>
14 'git send-email' --dump-aliases
19 Takes the patches given on the command line and emails them out.
20 Patches can be specified as files, directories (which will send all
21 files in the directory), or directly as a revision list. In the
22 last case, any format accepted by linkgit:git-format-patch[1] can
23 be passed to git send-email, as well as options understood by
24 linkgit:git-format-patch[1].
26 The header of the email is configurable via command-line options. If not
27 specified on the command line, the user will be prompted with a ReadLine
28 enabled interface to provide the necessary information.
30 There are two formats accepted for patch files:
34 This is what linkgit:git-format-patch[1] generates. Most headers and MIME
35 formatting are ignored.
37 2. The original format used by Greg Kroah-Hartman's 'send_lots_of_email.pl'
40 This format expects the first line of the file to contain the "Cc:" value
41 and the "Subject:" of the message as the second line.
51 Review and edit each patch you're about to send. Default is the value
52 of `sendemail.annotate`. See the CONFIGURATION section for
53 `sendemail.multiEdit`.
56 Specify a "Bcc:" value for each email. Default is the value of
59 This option may be specified multiple times.
62 Specify a starting "Cc:" value for each email.
63 Default is the value of `sendemail.cc`.
65 This option may be specified multiple times.
68 Invoke a text editor (see GIT_EDITOR in linkgit:git-var[1])
69 to edit an introductory message for the patch series.
71 When `--compose` is used, git send-email will use the From, Subject, and
72 In-Reply-To headers specified in the message. If the body of the message
73 (what you type after the headers and a blank line) only contains blank
74 (or Git: prefixed) lines, the summary won't be sent, but From, Subject,
75 and In-Reply-To headers will be used unless they are removed.
77 Missing From or In-Reply-To headers will be prompted for.
79 See the CONFIGURATION section for `sendemail.multiEdit`.
82 Specify the sender of the emails. If not specified on the command line,
83 the value of the `sendemail.from` configuration option is used. If
84 neither the command-line option nor `sendemail.from` are set, then the
85 user will be prompted for the value. The default for the prompt will be
86 the value of GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT, or GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT if that is not
87 set, as returned by "git var -l".
89 --reply-to=<address>::
90 Specify the address where replies from recipients should go to.
91 Use this if replies to messages should go to another address than what
92 is specified with the --from parameter.
94 --in-reply-to=<identifier>::
95 Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a
96 reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to
97 provide a new patch series.
98 The second and subsequent emails will be sent as replies according to
99 the `--[no-]chain-reply-to` setting.
101 So for example when `--thread` and `--no-chain-reply-to` are specified, the
102 second and subsequent patches will be replies to the first one like in the
103 illustration below where `[PATCH v2 0/3]` is in reply to `[PATCH 0/2]`:
105 [PATCH 0/2] Here is what I did...
106 [PATCH 1/2] Clean up and tests
107 [PATCH 2/2] Implementation
108 [PATCH v2 0/3] Here is a reroll
109 [PATCH v2 1/3] Clean up
110 [PATCH v2 2/3] New tests
111 [PATCH v2 3/3] Implementation
113 Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose
114 is not set, this will be prompted for.
117 Specify the initial subject of the email thread.
118 Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose
119 is not set, this will be prompted for.
122 Specify the primary recipient of the emails generated. Generally, this
123 will be the upstream maintainer of the project involved. Default is the
124 value of the `sendemail.to` configuration value; if that is unspecified,
125 and --to-cmd is not specified, this will be prompted for.
127 This option may be specified multiple times.
129 --8bit-encoding=<encoding>::
130 When encountering a non-ASCII message or subject that does not
131 declare its encoding, add headers/quoting to indicate it is
132 encoded in <encoding>. Default is the value of the
133 'sendemail.assume8bitEncoding'; if that is unspecified, this
134 will be prompted for if any non-ASCII files are encountered.
136 Note that no attempts whatsoever are made to validate the encoding.
138 --compose-encoding=<encoding>::
139 Specify encoding of compose message. Default is the value of the
140 'sendemail.composeencoding'; if that is unspecified, UTF-8 is assumed.
142 --transfer-encoding=(7bit|8bit|quoted-printable|base64|auto)::
143 Specify the transfer encoding to be used to send the message over SMTP.
144 7bit will fail upon encountering a non-ASCII message. quoted-printable
145 can be useful when the repository contains files that contain carriage
146 returns, but makes the raw patch email file (as saved from a MUA) much
147 harder to inspect manually. base64 is even more fool proof, but also
148 even more opaque. auto will use 8bit when possible, and quoted-printable
151 Default is the value of the `sendemail.transferEncoding` configuration
152 value; if that is unspecified, default to `auto`.
156 Add (or prevent adding) the "X-Mailer:" header. By default,
157 the header is added, but it can be turned off by setting the
158 `sendemail.xmailer` configuration variable to `false`.
163 --envelope-sender=<address>::
164 Specify the envelope sender used to send the emails.
165 This is useful if your default address is not the address that is
166 subscribed to a list. In order to use the 'From' address, set the
167 value to "auto". If you use the sendmail binary, you must have
168 suitable privileges for the -f parameter. Default is the value of the
169 `sendemail.envelopeSender` configuration variable; if that is
170 unspecified, choosing the envelope sender is left to your MTA.
172 --sendmail-cmd=<command>::
173 Specify a command to run to send the email. The command should
174 be sendmail-like; specifically, it must support the `-i` option.
175 The command will be executed in the shell if necessary. Default
176 is the value of `sendemail.sendmailcmd`. If unspecified, and if
177 --smtp-server is also unspecified, git-send-email will search
178 for `sendmail` in `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/lib` and $PATH.
180 --smtp-encryption=<encryption>::
181 Specify the encryption to use, either 'ssl' or 'tls'. Any other
182 value reverts to plain SMTP. Default is the value of
183 `sendemail.smtpEncryption`.
185 --smtp-domain=<FQDN>::
186 Specifies the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) used in the
187 HELO/EHLO command to the SMTP server. Some servers require the
188 FQDN to match your IP address. If not set, git send-email attempts
189 to determine your FQDN automatically. Default is the value of
190 `sendemail.smtpDomain`.
192 --smtp-auth=<mechanisms>::
193 Whitespace-separated list of allowed SMTP-AUTH mechanisms. This setting
194 forces using only the listed mechanisms. Example:
197 $ git send-email --smtp-auth="PLAIN LOGIN GSSAPI" ...
200 If at least one of the specified mechanisms matches the ones advertised by the
201 SMTP server and if it is supported by the utilized SASL library, the mechanism
202 is used for authentication. If neither 'sendemail.smtpAuth' nor `--smtp-auth`
203 is specified, all mechanisms supported by the SASL library can be used. The
204 special value 'none' maybe specified to completely disable authentication
205 independently of `--smtp-user`
207 --smtp-pass[=<password>]::
208 Password for SMTP-AUTH. The argument is optional: If no
209 argument is specified, then the empty string is used as
210 the password. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpPass`,
211 however `--smtp-pass` always overrides this value.
213 Furthermore, passwords need not be specified in configuration files
214 or on the command line. If a username has been specified (with
215 `--smtp-user` or a `sendemail.smtpUser`), but no password has been
216 specified (with `--smtp-pass` or `sendemail.smtpPass`), then
217 a password is obtained using 'git-credential'.
220 Disable SMTP authentication. Short hand for `--smtp-auth=none`
222 --smtp-server=<host>::
223 If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server to use (e.g.
224 `smtp.example.com` or a raw IP address). If unspecified, and if
225 `--sendmail-cmd` is also unspecified, the default is to search
226 for `sendmail` in `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/lib` and $PATH if such a
227 program is available, falling back to `localhost` otherwise.
229 For backward compatibility, this option can also specify a full pathname
230 of a sendmail-like program instead; the program must support the `-i`
231 option. This method does not support passing arguments or using plain
232 command names. For those use cases, consider using `--sendmail-cmd`
235 --smtp-server-port=<port>::
236 Specifies a port different from the default port (SMTP
237 servers typically listen to smtp port 25, but may also listen to
238 submission port 587, or the common SSL smtp port 465);
239 symbolic port names (e.g. "submission" instead of 587)
240 are also accepted. The port can also be set with the
241 `sendemail.smtpServerPort` configuration variable.
243 --smtp-server-option=<option>::
244 If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server option to use.
245 Default value can be specified by the `sendemail.smtpServerOption`
246 configuration option.
248 The --smtp-server-option option must be repeated for each option you want
249 to pass to the server. Likewise, different lines in the configuration files
250 must be used for each option.
253 Legacy alias for '--smtp-encryption ssl'.
255 --smtp-ssl-cert-path::
256 Path to a store of trusted CA certificates for SMTP SSL/TLS
257 certificate validation (either a directory that has been processed
258 by 'c_rehash', or a single file containing one or more PEM format
259 certificates concatenated together: see verify(1) -CAfile and
260 -CApath for more information on these). Set it to an empty string
261 to disable certificate verification. Defaults to the value of the
262 `sendemail.smtpsslcertpath` configuration variable, if set, or the
263 backing SSL library's compiled-in default otherwise (which should
264 be the best choice on most platforms).
267 Username for SMTP-AUTH. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpUser`;
268 if a username is not specified (with `--smtp-user` or `sendemail.smtpUser`),
269 then authentication is not attempted.
272 Enable (1) or disable (0) debug output. If enabled, SMTP
273 commands and replies will be printed. Useful to debug TLS
274 connection and authentication problems.
277 Some email servers (e.g. smtp.163.com) limit the number emails to be
278 sent per session (connection) and this will lead to a failure when
279 sending many messages. With this option, send-email will disconnect after
280 sending $<num> messages and wait for a few seconds (see --relogin-delay)
281 and reconnect, to work around such a limit. You may want to
282 use some form of credential helper to avoid having to retype
283 your password every time this happens. Defaults to the
284 `sendemail.smtpBatchSize` configuration variable.
286 --relogin-delay=<int>::
287 Waiting $<int> seconds before reconnecting to SMTP server. Used together
288 with --batch-size option. Defaults to the `sendemail.smtpReloginDelay`
289 configuration variable.
295 Clears any list of "To:", "Cc:", "Bcc:" addresses previously
299 Clears the previously read value of `sendemail.identity` set
303 Specify a command to execute once per patch file which
304 should generate patch file specific "To:" entries.
305 Output of this command must be single email address per line.
306 Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocmd' configuration value.
309 Specify a command to execute once per patch file which
310 should generate patch file specific "Cc:" entries.
311 Output of this command must be single email address per line.
312 Default is the value of `sendemail.ccCmd` configuration value.
314 --[no-]chain-reply-to::
315 If this is set, each email will be sent as a reply to the previous
316 email sent. If disabled with "--no-chain-reply-to", all emails after
317 the first will be sent as replies to the first email sent. When using
318 this, it is recommended that the first file given be an overview of the
319 entire patch series. Disabled by default, but the `sendemail.chainReplyTo`
320 configuration variable can be used to enable it.
322 --identity=<identity>::
323 A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the
324 'sendemail.<identity>' subsection to take precedence over
325 values in the 'sendemail' section. The default identity is
326 the value of `sendemail.identity`.
328 --[no-]signed-off-by-cc::
329 If this is set, add emails found in the `Signed-off-by` trailer or Cc: lines to the
330 cc list. Default is the value of `sendemail.signedoffbycc` configuration
331 value; if that is unspecified, default to --signed-off-by-cc.
334 If this is set, emails found in Cc: headers in the first patch of
335 the series (typically the cover letter) are added to the cc list
336 for each email set. Default is the value of 'sendemail.cccover'
337 configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-cc-cover.
340 If this is set, emails found in To: headers in the first patch of
341 the series (typically the cover letter) are added to the to list
342 for each email set. Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocover'
343 configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-to-cover.
345 --suppress-cc=<category>::
346 Specify an additional category of recipients to suppress the
350 - 'author' will avoid including the patch author.
351 - 'self' will avoid including the sender.
352 - 'cc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the patch header
353 except for self (use 'self' for that).
354 - 'bodycc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the
355 patch body (commit message) except for self (use 'self' for that).
356 - 'sob' will avoid including anyone mentioned in the Signed-off-by trailers except
357 for self (use 'self' for that).
358 - 'misc-by' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Acked-by,
359 Reviewed-by, Tested-by and other "-by" lines in the patch body,
360 except Signed-off-by (use 'sob' for that).
361 - 'cccmd' will avoid running the --cc-cmd.
362 - 'body' is equivalent to 'sob' + 'bodycc' + 'misc-by'.
363 - 'all' will suppress all auto cc values.
366 Default is the value of `sendemail.suppresscc` configuration value; if
367 that is unspecified, default to 'self' if --suppress-from is
368 specified, as well as 'body' if --no-signed-off-cc is specified.
370 --[no-]suppress-from::
371 If this is set, do not add the From: address to the cc: list.
372 Default is the value of `sendemail.suppressFrom` configuration
373 value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-suppress-from.
376 If this is set, the In-Reply-To and References headers will be
377 added to each email sent. Whether each mail refers to the
378 previous email (`deep` threading per 'git format-patch'
379 wording) or to the first email (`shallow` threading) is
380 governed by "--[no-]chain-reply-to".
382 If disabled with "--no-thread", those headers will not be added
383 (unless specified with --in-reply-to). Default is the value of the
384 `sendemail.thread` configuration value; if that is unspecified,
387 It is up to the user to ensure that no In-Reply-To header already
388 exists when 'git send-email' is asked to add it (especially note that
389 'git format-patch' can be configured to do the threading itself).
390 Failure to do so may not produce the expected result in the
398 Confirm just before sending:
401 - 'always' will always confirm before sending
402 - 'never' will never confirm before sending
403 - 'cc' will confirm before sending when send-email has automatically
404 added addresses from the patch to the Cc list
405 - 'compose' will confirm before sending the first message when using --compose.
406 - 'auto' is equivalent to 'cc' + 'compose'
409 Default is the value of `sendemail.confirm` configuration value; if that
410 is unspecified, default to 'auto' unless any of the suppress options
411 have been specified, in which case default to 'compose'.
414 Do everything except actually send the emails.
416 --[no-]format-patch::
417 When an argument may be understood either as a reference or as a file name,
418 choose to understand it as a format-patch argument (`--format-patch`)
419 or as a file name (`--no-format-patch`). By default, when such a conflict
420 occurs, git send-email will fail.
423 Make git-send-email less verbose. One line per email should be
427 Perform sanity checks on patches.
428 Currently, validation means the following:
431 * Invoke the sendemail-validate hook if present (see linkgit:githooks[5]).
432 * Warn of patches that contain lines longer than
433 998 characters unless a suitable transfer encoding
434 ('auto', 'base64', or 'quoted-printable') is used;
435 this is due to SMTP limits as described by
436 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5322.txt.
439 Default is the value of `sendemail.validate`; if this is not set,
440 default to `--validate`.
443 Send emails even if safety checks would prevent it.
450 Instead of the normal operation, dump the shorthand alias names from
451 the configured alias file(s), one per line in alphabetical order. Note,
452 this only includes the alias name and not its expanded email addresses.
453 See 'sendemail.aliasesfile' for more information about aliases.
459 sendemail.aliasesFile::
460 To avoid typing long email addresses, point this to one or more
461 email aliases files. You must also supply `sendemail.aliasFileType`.
463 sendemail.aliasFileType::
464 Format of the file(s) specified in sendemail.aliasesFile. Must be
465 one of 'mutt', 'mailrc', 'pine', 'elm', or 'gnus', or 'sendmail'.
467 What an alias file in each format looks like can be found in
468 the documentation of the email program of the same name. The
469 differences and limitations from the standard formats are
474 * Quoted aliases and quoted addresses are not supported: lines that
475 contain a `"` symbol are ignored.
476 * Redirection to a file (`/path/name`) or pipe (`|command`) is not
478 * File inclusion (`:include: /path/name`) is not supported.
479 * Warnings are printed on the standard error output for any
480 explicitly unsupported constructs, and any other lines that are not
481 recognized by the parser.
484 sendemail.multiEdit::
485 If true (default), a single editor instance will be spawned to edit
486 files you have to edit (patches when `--annotate` is used, and the
487 summary when `--compose` is used). If false, files will be edited one
488 after the other, spawning a new editor each time.
491 Sets the default for whether to confirm before sending. Must be
492 one of 'always', 'never', 'cc', 'compose', or 'auto'. See `--confirm`
493 in the previous section for the meaning of these values.
497 Use gmail as the smtp server
498 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
499 To use 'git send-email' to send your patches through the GMail SMTP server,
500 edit ~/.gitconfig to specify your account settings:
505 smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com
506 smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com
510 If you have multi-factor authentication set up on your Gmail account, you will
511 need to generate an app-specific password for use with 'git send-email'. Visit
512 https://security.google.com/settings/security/apppasswords to create it.
514 If you do not have multi-factor authentication set up on your Gmail account,
515 you will need to allow less secure app access. Visit
516 https://myaccount.google.com/lesssecureapps to enable it.
518 Once your commits are ready to be sent to the mailing list, run the
521 $ git format-patch --cover-letter -M origin/master -o outgoing/
522 $ edit outgoing/0000-*
523 $ git send-email outgoing/*
525 The first time you run it, you will be prompted for your credentials. Enter the
526 app-specific or your regular password as appropriate. If you have credential
527 helper configured (see linkgit:git-credential[1]), the password will be saved in
528 the credential store so you won't have to type it the next time.
530 Note: the following core Perl modules that may be installed with your
531 distribution of Perl are required:
532 MIME::Base64, MIME::QuotedPrint, Net::Domain and Net::SMTP.
533 These additional Perl modules are also required:
534 Authen::SASL and Mail::Address.
539 linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-imap-send[1], mbox(5)
543 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite