6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
34 A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v2.10.0/git.html[documentation for release 2.10]
49 link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10].
51 * link:v2.9.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.3]
54 link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3],
55 link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2],
56 link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1],
57 link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9].
59 * link:v2.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.4]
62 link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4],
63 link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3],
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65 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1],
66 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
68 * link:v2.7.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.3]
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73 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
74 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
76 * link:v2.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.6]
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84 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1],
85 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6].
87 * link:v2.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.5]
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94 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1],
95 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
97 * link:v2.4.11/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.11]
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110 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
111 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
113 * link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10]
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125 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
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128 * link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
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133 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
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136 * link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
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145 * link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
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155 * link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
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165 * link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
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195 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
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203 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
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214 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
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482 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
483 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
484 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
486 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
489 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
490 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
491 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
492 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
493 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
494 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
495 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
497 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
500 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
501 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
502 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
503 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
504 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
505 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
506 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
508 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
509 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
510 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
511 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
520 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
523 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
524 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
525 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
526 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
528 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
529 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
530 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
534 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
535 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
536 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
539 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
540 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
541 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
542 example the following invocations are equivalent:
544 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
545 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
548 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
549 given will override values from configuration files.
550 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
551 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
553 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
554 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
555 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
556 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
558 --exec-path[=<path>]::
559 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
560 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
561 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
562 the current setting and then exit.
565 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
566 documentation is installed and exit.
569 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
570 this version of Git and exit.
573 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
574 version of Git are installed and exit.
578 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
579 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
580 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
584 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
587 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
588 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
589 path or relative path to current working directory.
592 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
593 or a path relative to the current working directory.
594 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
595 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
596 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
597 more detailed discussion).
600 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
601 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
605 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
606 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
609 --no-replace-objects::
610 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
611 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
613 --literal-pathspecs::
614 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
615 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
619 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
620 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
621 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
625 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
626 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
627 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
631 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
632 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
637 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
638 ("plumbing") commands.
640 High-level commands (porcelain)
641 -------------------------------
643 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
644 ancillary user utilities.
646 Main porcelain commands
647 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
649 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
655 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
659 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
662 Interacting with Others
663 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
665 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
666 people via patch over e-mail.
668 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
671 Low-level commands (plumbing)
672 -----------------------------
674 Although Git includes its
675 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
676 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
677 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
678 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
680 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
681 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
682 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
683 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
684 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
687 The following description divides
688 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
689 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
690 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
694 Manipulation commands
695 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
697 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
700 Interrogation commands
701 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
703 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
705 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
709 Synching repositories
710 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
712 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
714 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
715 typically do not use them directly.
717 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
720 Internal helper commands
721 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
723 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
724 users typically do not use them directly.
726 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
729 Configuration Mechanism
730 -----------------------
732 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
733 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
738 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
743 ; Don't trust file modes
748 name = "Junio C Hamano"
749 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
753 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
754 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
755 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
758 Identifier Terminology
759 ----------------------
761 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
764 Indicates a blob object name.
767 Indicates a tree object name.
770 Indicates a commit object name.
773 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
774 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
775 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
776 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
779 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
780 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
781 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
782 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
785 Indicates that an object type is required.
786 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
789 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
790 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
794 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
798 indicates the head of the current branch.
802 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
806 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
808 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
809 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
812 File/Directory Structure
813 ------------------------
815 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
817 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
819 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
825 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
828 Environment Variables
829 ---------------------
830 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
834 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
835 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
836 Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
839 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
840 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
843 `GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
844 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
845 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
846 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
847 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
849 `GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
850 If the object storage directory is specified via this
851 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
852 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
855 `GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
856 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
857 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
858 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
859 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
860 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
863 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
864 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
865 for the base of the repository.
866 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
869 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
870 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
871 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
874 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
875 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
877 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
878 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
879 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
880 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
881 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
882 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
883 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
884 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
885 might be present in order to compare them with the current
886 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
887 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
888 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
890 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
892 `GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
893 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
894 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
895 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
896 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
897 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
898 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
899 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
903 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
904 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
905 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
906 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
907 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
908 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
909 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
916 `GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
917 `GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
918 `GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
920 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
925 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
926 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
927 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
928 value passed on the Git diff command line.
930 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
931 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
932 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
933 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
934 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
936 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
940 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
941 contents of <old|new>,
942 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
943 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
945 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
946 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
947 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
948 index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
949 temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
951 For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
954 For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
955 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
957 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
958 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
960 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
961 The total number of paths.
965 `GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
966 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
967 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
968 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
971 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
972 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
973 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
974 linkgit:git-config[1].
977 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
978 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
979 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
980 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
984 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
985 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
986 when they need to connect to a remote system.
987 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
988 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
989 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
990 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
991 something other than the default SSH port.
993 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
994 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
995 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
996 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
999 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1000 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
1001 for further details.
1004 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1005 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1006 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1007 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1008 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1010 `GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1011 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1012 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1014 `GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1015 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1016 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
1017 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1018 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1019 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1020 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1023 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1024 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1025 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1026 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1028 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1029 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
1030 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1031 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1034 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1035 command execution and external command execution.
1037 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1038 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1041 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1042 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1043 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1044 trace messages into this file descriptor.
1046 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1047 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1048 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1051 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1052 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1054 `GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1055 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1056 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1057 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1058 pack-related performance problems.
1059 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1061 `GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1062 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1063 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1064 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1065 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1066 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1068 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1069 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1070 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1071 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1072 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1073 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1074 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1076 Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1077 of clones and fetches.
1079 `GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1080 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1081 time of each Git command.
1082 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1085 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1086 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1087 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1089 `GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1090 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1091 cloning of shallow repositories.
1092 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1095 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1096 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1097 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1098 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1100 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1102 `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1103 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1104 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1105 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1106 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1107 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1108 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1109 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1111 `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1112 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1113 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1115 `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1116 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1117 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1119 `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1120 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1121 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1123 `GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1124 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1125 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1126 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1127 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1128 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1129 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1130 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1131 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1133 `GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1134 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1135 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1136 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1137 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1138 this variable automatically when performing destructive
1139 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1140 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1141 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1142 cloning a repository to make a backup).
1144 `GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1145 If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are
1146 allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to
1147 restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted
1148 repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,
1149 this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not
1150 set at all, all protocols are enabled. The protocol names
1151 currently used by git are:
1153 - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,
1156 - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP
1157 connection (or proxy, if configured)
1159 - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,
1162 - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".
1163 Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,
1164 you should specify both as `http:https`.
1166 - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use
1167 `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)
1170 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1171 ------------------------
1173 More detail on the following is available from the
1174 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1175 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1177 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1178 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1179 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1180 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1181 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1182 as tags and branch heads.
1184 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1185 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1186 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1187 and some number of parent commits.
1189 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1190 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1191 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1192 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1194 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1195 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1196 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1197 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1200 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1201 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1203 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1204 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1205 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1206 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1207 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1208 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1210 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1211 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1212 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1213 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1214 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1215 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1216 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1217 content stored in the index.
1219 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1220 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1221 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1223 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1224 ---------------------
1226 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1227 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1228 for a first-time user.
1230 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1231 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1232 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1234 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1236 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1239 The internals are documented in the
1240 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1242 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1243 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1248 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1249 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1250 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1251 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1253 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1254 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1255 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1260 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1261 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1262 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1266 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1267 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1268 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1269 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1270 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1274 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite