4 The parse-options API is used to parse and massage options in Git
5 and to provide a usage help with consistent look.
10 The argument vector `argv[]` may usually contain mandatory or optional
11 'non-option arguments', e.g. a filename or a branch, and 'options'.
12 Options are optional arguments that start with a dash and
13 that allow to change the behavior of a command.
15 * There are basically three types of options:
17 options with (mandatory) 'arguments' and
18 options with 'optional arguments'
19 (i.e. a boolean option that can be adjusted).
21 * There are basically two forms of options:
22 'Short options' consist of one dash (`-`) and one alphanumeric
24 'Long options' begin with two dashes (`--`) and some
25 alphanumeric characters.
27 * Options are case-sensitive.
28 Please define 'lower-case long options' only.
30 The parse-options API allows:
32 * 'stuck' and 'separate form' of options with arguments.
33 `-oArg` is stuck, `-o Arg` is separate form.
34 `--option=Arg` is stuck, `--option Arg` is separate form.
36 * Long options may be 'abbreviated', as long as the abbreviation
39 * Short options may be bundled, e.g. `-a -b` can be specified as `-ab`.
41 * Boolean long options can be 'negated' (or 'unset') by prepending
42 `no-`, e.g. `--no-abbrev` instead of `--abbrev`. Conversely,
43 options that begin with `no-` can be 'negated' by removing it.
44 Other long options can be unset (e.g., set string to NULL, set
45 integer to 0) by prepending `no-`.
47 * Options and non-option arguments can clearly be separated using the `--`
48 option, e.g. `-a -b --option -- --this-is-a-file` indicates that
49 `--this-is-a-file` must not be processed as an option.
51 Steps to parse options
52 ----------------------
54 . `#include "parse-options.h"`
56 . define a NULL-terminated
57 `static const char * const builtin_foo_usage[]` array
58 containing alternative usage strings
60 . define `builtin_foo_options` array as described below
61 in section 'Data Structure'.
63 . in `cmd_foo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)`
66 argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags);
68 `parse_options()` will filter out the processed options of `argv[]` and leave the
69 non-option arguments in `argv[]`.
70 `argc` is updated appropriately because of the assignment.
72 You can also pass NULL instead of a usage array as the fifth parameter of
73 parse_options(), to avoid displaying a help screen with usage info and
74 option list. This should only be done if necessary, e.g. to implement
75 a limited parser for only a subset of the options that needs to be run
76 before the full parser, which in turn shows the full help message.
78 Flags are the bitwise-or of:
80 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH`::
81 Keep the `--` that usually separates options from
84 `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION`::
85 Usually the whole argument vector is massaged and reordered.
86 Using this flag, processing is stopped at the first non-option
89 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0`::
90 Keep the first argument, which contains the program name. It's
91 removed from argv[] by default.
93 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN`::
94 Keep unknown arguments instead of erroring out. This doesn't
95 work for all combinations of arguments as users might expect
96 it to do. E.g. if the first argument in `--unknown --known`
97 takes a value (which we can't know), the second one is
98 mistakenly interpreted as a known option. Similarly, if
99 `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION` is set, the second argument in
100 `--unknown value` will be mistakenly interpreted as a
101 non-option, not as a value belonging to the unknown option,
102 the parser early. That's why parse_options() errors out if
103 both options are set.
105 `PARSE_OPT_NO_INTERNAL_HELP`::
106 By default, parse_options() handles `-h`, `--help` and
107 `--help-all` internally, by showing a help screen. This option
108 turns it off and allows one to add custom handlers for these
109 options, or to just leave them unknown.
114 The main data structure is an array of the `option` struct,
115 say `static struct option builtin_add_options[]`.
116 There are some macros to easily define options:
118 `OPT__ABBREV(&int_var)`::
119 Add `--abbrev[=<n>]`.
121 `OPT__COLOR(&int_var, description)`::
122 Add `--color[=<when>]` and `--no-color`.
124 `OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var, description)`::
127 `OPT__FORCE(&int_var, description)`::
130 `OPT__QUIET(&int_var, description)`::
133 `OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var, description)`::
136 `OPT_GROUP(description)`::
137 Start an option group. `description` is a short string that
138 describes the group or an empty string.
139 Start the description with an upper-case letter.
141 `OPT_BOOL(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
142 Introduce a boolean option. `int_var` is set to one with
143 `--option` and set to zero with `--no-option`.
145 `OPT_COUNTUP(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
146 Introduce a count-up option.
147 `int_var` is incremented on each use of `--option`, and
148 reset to zero with `--no-option`.
150 `OPT_BIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`::
151 Introduce a boolean option.
152 If used, `int_var` is bitwise-ored with `mask`.
154 `OPT_NEGBIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`::
155 Introduce a boolean option.
156 If used, `int_var` is bitwise-anded with the inverted `mask`.
158 `OPT_SET_INT(short, long, &int_var, description, integer)`::
159 Introduce an integer option.
160 `int_var` is set to `integer` with `--option`, and
161 reset to zero with `--no-option`.
163 `OPT_STRING(short, long, &str_var, arg_str, description)`::
164 Introduce an option with string argument.
165 The string argument is put into `str_var`.
167 `OPT_INTEGER(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
168 Introduce an option with integer argument.
169 The integer is put into `int_var`.
171 `OPT_MAGNITUDE(short, long, &unsigned_long_var, description)`::
172 Introduce an option with a size argument. The argument must be a
173 non-negative integer and may include a suffix of 'k', 'm' or 'g' to
174 scale the provided value by 1024, 1024^2 or 1024^3 respectively.
175 The scaled value is put into `unsigned_long_var`.
177 `OPT_DATE(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
178 Introduce an option with date argument, see `approxidate()`.
179 The timestamp is put into `int_var`.
181 `OPT_EXPIRY_DATE(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
182 Introduce an option with expiry date argument, see `parse_expiry_date()`.
183 The timestamp is put into `int_var`.
185 `OPT_CALLBACK(short, long, &var, arg_str, description, func_ptr)`::
186 Introduce an option with argument.
187 The argument will be fed into the function given by `func_ptr`
188 and the result will be put into `var`.
189 See 'Option Callbacks' below for a more elaborate description.
191 `OPT_FILENAME(short, long, &var, description)`::
192 Introduce an option with a filename argument.
193 The filename will be prefixed by passing the filename along with
194 the prefix argument of `parse_options()` to `prefix_filename()`.
196 `OPT_ARGUMENT(long, description)`::
197 Introduce a long-option argument that will be kept in `argv[]`.
199 `OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&var, description, func_ptr)`::
200 Recognize numerical options like -123 and feed the integer as
201 if it was an argument to the function given by `func_ptr`.
202 The result will be put into `var`. There can be only one such
203 option definition. It cannot be negated and it takes no
204 arguments. Short options that happen to be digits take
207 `OPT_COLOR_FLAG(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
208 Introduce an option that takes an optional argument that can
209 have one of three values: "always", "never", or "auto". If the
210 argument is not given, it defaults to "always". The `--no-` form
211 works like `--long=never`; it cannot take an argument. If
212 "always", set `int_var` to 1; if "never", set `int_var` to 0; if
213 "auto", set `int_var` to 1 if stdout is a tty or a pager,
216 `OPT_NOOP_NOARG(short, long)`::
217 Introduce an option that has no effect and takes no arguments.
218 Use it to hide deprecated options that are still to be recognized
219 and ignored silently.
221 `OPT_PASSTHRU(short, long, &char_var, arg_str, description, flags)`::
222 Introduce an option that will be reconstructed into a char* string,
223 which must be initialized to NULL. This is useful when you need to
224 pass the command-line option to another command. Any previous value
225 will be overwritten, so this should only be used for options where
226 the last one specified on the command line wins.
228 `OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(short, long, &argv_array_var, arg_str, description, flags)`::
229 Introduce an option where all instances of it on the command-line will
230 be reconstructed into an argv_array. This is useful when you need to
231 pass the command-line option, which can be specified multiple times,
234 `OPT_CMDMODE(short, long, &int_var, description, enum_val)`::
235 Define an "operation mode" option, only one of which in the same
236 group of "operating mode" options that share the same `int_var`
237 can be given by the user. `enum_val` is set to `int_var` when the
238 option is used, but an error is reported if other "operating mode"
239 option has already set its value to the same `int_var`.
242 The last element of the array must be `OPT_END()`.
244 If not stated otherwise, interpret the arguments as follows:
246 * `short` is a character for the short option
247 (e.g. `'e'` for `-e`, use `0` to omit),
249 * `long` is a string for the long option
250 (e.g. `"example"` for `--example`, use `NULL` to omit),
252 * `int_var` is an integer variable,
254 * `str_var` is a string variable (`char *`),
256 * `arg_str` is the string that is shown as argument
257 (e.g. `"branch"` will result in `<branch>`).
258 If set to `NULL`, three dots (`...`) will be displayed.
260 * `description` is a short string to describe the effect of the option.
261 It shall begin with a lower-case letter and a full stop (`.`) shall be
267 The function must be defined in this form:
269 int func(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
271 The callback mechanism is as follows:
273 * Inside `func`, the only interesting member of the structure
274 given by `opt` is the void pointer `opt->value`.
275 `*opt->value` will be the value that is saved into `var`, if you
276 use `OPT_CALLBACK()`.
277 For example, do `*(unsigned long *)opt->value = 42;` to get 42
278 into an `unsigned long` variable.
280 * Return value `0` indicates success and non-zero return
281 value will invoke `usage_with_options()` and, thus, die.
283 * If the user negates the option, `arg` is `NULL` and `unset` is 1.
285 Sophisticated option parsing
286 ----------------------------
288 If you need, for example, option callbacks with optional arguments
289 or without arguments at all, or if you need other special cases,
290 that are not handled by the macros above, you need to specify the
291 members of the `option` structure manually.
293 This is not covered in this document, but well documented
294 in `parse-options.h` itself.
299 See `test-parse-options.c` and
306 for real-world examples.