6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
51 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
54 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
55 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
56 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
57 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
60 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
63 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
64 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
65 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
66 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
68 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
71 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
72 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
73 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
74 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
75 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
76 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
77 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
79 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
82 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
83 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
84 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
85 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
87 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
96 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
108 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
118 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
130 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
141 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
153 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
164 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
167 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
168 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
169 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
170 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
173 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
177 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
178 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
179 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
183 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
186 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
187 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
188 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
189 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
193 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
196 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
197 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
198 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
203 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
206 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
207 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
208 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
212 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
215 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
216 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
217 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
218 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
219 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
222 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
223 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
224 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
226 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
231 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
232 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
234 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
239 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
240 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
241 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
242 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
243 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
248 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
251 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
252 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
253 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
258 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
261 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
262 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
263 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
264 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
268 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
269 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
270 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
271 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
272 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
273 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
275 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
278 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
279 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
280 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
281 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
283 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
286 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
287 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
288 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
289 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
290 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
291 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
292 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
294 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
299 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
300 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
305 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
309 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
310 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
316 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
319 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
320 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
321 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
328 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
331 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
332 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
333 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
334 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
335 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
338 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
341 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
344 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
345 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
346 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
347 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
348 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
349 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
351 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
354 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
355 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
356 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
357 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
358 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
359 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
360 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
362 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
365 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
366 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
367 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
368 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
369 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
370 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
371 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
373 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
374 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
375 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
376 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
385 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
388 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
389 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
390 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
391 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
393 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
394 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
395 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
399 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
400 given will override values from configuration files.
401 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
402 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
404 --exec-path[=<path>]::
405 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
406 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
407 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
408 the current setting and then exit.
411 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
412 documentation is installed and exit.
415 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
416 this version of Git and exit.
419 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
420 version of Git are installed and exit.
424 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
425 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
426 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
430 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
433 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
434 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
435 path or relative path to current working directory.
438 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
439 or a path relative to the current working directory.
440 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
441 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
442 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
443 more detailed discussion).
446 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
447 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
451 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
452 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
455 --no-replace-objects::
456 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
457 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
459 --literal-pathspecs::
460 Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is
461 equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
468 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
469 ("plumbing") commands.
471 High-level commands (porcelain)
472 -------------------------------
474 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
475 ancillary user utilities.
477 Main porcelain commands
478 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
480 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
486 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
490 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
493 Interacting with Others
494 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
496 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
497 people via patch over e-mail.
499 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
502 Low-level commands (plumbing)
503 -----------------------------
505 Although Git includes its
506 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
507 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
508 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
509 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
511 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
512 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
513 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
514 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
515 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
518 The following description divides
519 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
520 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
521 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
525 Manipulation commands
526 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
528 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
531 Interrogation commands
532 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
534 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
536 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
540 Synching repositories
541 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
543 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
545 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
546 typically do not use them directly.
548 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
551 Internal helper commands
552 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
554 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
555 users typically do not use them directly.
557 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
560 Configuration Mechanism
561 -----------------------
563 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
564 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
569 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
574 ; Don't trust file modes
579 name = "Junio C Hamano"
580 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
584 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
585 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
586 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
589 Identifier Terminology
590 ----------------------
592 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
595 Indicates a blob object name.
598 Indicates a tree object name.
601 Indicates a commit object name.
604 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
605 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
606 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
607 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
610 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
611 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
612 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
613 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
616 Indicates that an object type is required.
617 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
620 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
621 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
625 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
629 indicates the head of the current branch.
633 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
637 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
639 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
640 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
643 File/Directory Structure
644 ------------------------
646 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
648 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
650 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
656 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
659 Environment Variables
660 ---------------------
661 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
665 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
666 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
667 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
670 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
671 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
674 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
675 If the object storage directory is specified via this
676 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
677 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
680 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
681 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
682 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
683 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
684 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
685 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
688 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
689 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
690 for the base of the repository.
691 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
694 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
695 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
696 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
699 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
700 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
702 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
703 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
704 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
705 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
706 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
707 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
708 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
709 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
710 might be present in order to compare them with the current
711 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
712 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
713 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
715 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
717 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
718 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
719 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
720 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
721 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
722 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
723 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
724 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
732 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
733 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
734 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
736 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
741 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
742 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
743 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
744 value passed on the Git diff command line.
746 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
747 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
748 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
749 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
750 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
752 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
756 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
757 contents of <old|new>,
758 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
759 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
761 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
762 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
763 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
764 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
765 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
767 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
772 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
773 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
774 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
775 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
778 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
779 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
780 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
781 linkgit:git-config[1].
784 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
785 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
786 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
787 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
790 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
791 and 'git push' will use this command instead
792 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
793 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
794 four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
795 from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
796 remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
797 the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
798 than the default SSH port.
800 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
801 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
802 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
804 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
805 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
809 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
810 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
811 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
812 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
813 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
815 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
816 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
817 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
818 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
819 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
820 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
821 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
824 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
825 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
826 'git check-attr', 'git check-ignore', and 'git whatchanged' will
827 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
829 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
830 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
831 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
832 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
835 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
836 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
837 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
838 execution and external command execution.
839 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
840 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
841 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
842 trace messages into this file descriptor.
843 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
844 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
845 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
848 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
849 If this variable is set to a path, a file will be created at
850 the given path logging all accesses to any packs. For each
851 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
852 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
853 pack-related performance problems.
856 If this variable is set, it shows a trace of all packets
857 coming in or out of a given program. This can help with
858 debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing
859 is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK".
861 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
862 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
863 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
864 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
865 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
866 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
867 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
868 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
871 Discussion[[Discussion]]
872 ------------------------
874 More detail on the following is available from the
875 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
876 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
878 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
879 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
880 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
881 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
882 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
883 as tags and branch heads.
885 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
886 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
887 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
888 and some number of parent commits.
890 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
891 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
892 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
893 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
895 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
896 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
897 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
898 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
901 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
902 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
904 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
905 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
906 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
907 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
908 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
909 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
911 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
912 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
913 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
914 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
915 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
916 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
917 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
918 content stored in the index.
920 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
921 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
922 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
924 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
925 ---------------------
927 See the references in the "description" section to get started
928 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
929 for a first-time user.
931 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
932 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
933 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
935 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
937 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
940 The internals are documented in the
941 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
943 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
944 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
949 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
950 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
951 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
952 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
954 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
955 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
956 the authors for specific parts of the project.
961 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
962 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
963 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
967 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
968 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
969 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
970 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
971 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
975 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite