6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
15 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
19 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
20 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
21 and full access to internals.
23 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
24 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
25 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
26 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
27 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
30 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
31 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
33 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
34 documentation can be viewed at
35 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.6.6.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.2]
49 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
50 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
51 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
53 * link:v1.6.5.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.8]
56 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
57 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
58 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
59 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
60 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
61 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
62 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
63 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
64 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
66 * link:v1.6.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.4]
69 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
70 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
71 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
72 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
73 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
75 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
78 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
79 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
80 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
81 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
82 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
85 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
86 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
87 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
88 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
89 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
90 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
92 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
95 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
96 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
97 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
98 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
100 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
103 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
104 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
105 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
106 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
107 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
108 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
109 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
111 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
114 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
115 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
116 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
117 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
118 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
119 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
120 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
122 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
125 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
126 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
127 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
128 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
129 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
130 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
131 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
133 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
136 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
137 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
138 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
139 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
140 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
141 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
142 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
143 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
145 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
148 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
149 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
150 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
151 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
152 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
153 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
154 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
155 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
156 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
158 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
161 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
162 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
163 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
164 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
165 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
166 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
168 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
171 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
172 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
173 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
174 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
175 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
176 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
177 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
179 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
182 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
183 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
184 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
185 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
186 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
187 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
188 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
190 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
191 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
192 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
193 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
202 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
205 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
206 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
207 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
208 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
210 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
211 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
212 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
216 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
217 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
218 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
219 the current setting and then exit.
222 Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
227 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
230 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
233 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
234 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
235 path or relative path to current working directory.
238 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
239 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
240 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
241 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
242 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
243 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
244 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
245 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
246 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
247 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
248 of your working tree.
251 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
252 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
255 --no-replace-objects::
256 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
257 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
260 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
261 ---------------------
263 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
264 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
266 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
267 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
268 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
270 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
272 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
275 The internals are documented in the
276 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
281 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
282 ("plumbing") commands.
284 High-level commands (porcelain)
285 -------------------------------
287 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
288 ancillary user utilities.
290 Main porcelain commands
291 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
293 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
299 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
303 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
306 Interacting with Others
307 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
309 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
310 people via patch over e-mail.
312 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
315 Low-level commands (plumbing)
316 -----------------------------
318 Although git includes its
319 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
320 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
321 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
322 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
324 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
325 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
326 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
327 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
328 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
331 The following description divides
332 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
333 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
334 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
338 Manipulation commands
339 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
341 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
344 Interrogation commands
345 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
347 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
349 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
353 Synching repositories
354 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
356 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
358 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
359 typically do not use them directly.
361 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
364 Internal helper commands
365 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
367 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
368 users typically do not use them directly.
370 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
373 Configuration Mechanism
374 -----------------------
376 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
377 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
378 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
379 people. Here is an example:
383 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
388 ; Don't trust file modes
393 name = "Junio C Hamano"
394 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
398 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
399 their operation accordingly.
402 Identifier Terminology
403 ----------------------
405 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
408 Indicates a blob object name.
411 Indicates a tree object name.
414 Indicates a commit object name.
417 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
418 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
419 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
420 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
423 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
424 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
425 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
426 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
429 Indicates that an object type is required.
430 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
433 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
434 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
438 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
442 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
443 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
447 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
451 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
453 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
454 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
457 File/Directory Structure
458 ------------------------
460 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
462 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
464 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
470 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
473 Environment Variables
474 ---------------------
475 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
479 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
480 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
481 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
484 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
485 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
488 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
489 If the object storage directory is specified via this
490 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
491 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
494 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
495 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
496 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
497 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
498 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
499 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
502 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
503 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
504 for the base of the repository.
507 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
508 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
509 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
510 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
511 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
513 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
514 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
515 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
516 up into while looking for a repository directory.
517 It will not exclude the current working directory or
518 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
519 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
526 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
527 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
528 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
530 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
535 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
536 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
537 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
538 value passed on the git diff command line.
540 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
541 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
542 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
543 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
544 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
546 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
550 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
551 contents of <old|new>,
552 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
553 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
556 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
557 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
558 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
559 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
560 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
562 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
567 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
568 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
569 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
570 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
573 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
574 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
575 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
576 linkgit:git-config[1].
579 If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch'
580 and 'git-push' will use this command instead
581 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
582 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
583 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
584 shell command to execute on that remote system.
586 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
587 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
588 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
590 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
591 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
595 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
596 as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log',
597 and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
598 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
599 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
600 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
601 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
602 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
605 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
606 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
607 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
608 execution and external command execution.
609 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
610 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
611 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
612 trace messages into this file descriptor.
613 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
614 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
615 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
618 Discussion[[Discussion]]
619 ------------------------
621 More detail on the following is available from the
622 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
623 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
625 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
626 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
627 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
628 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
629 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
630 as tags and branch heads.
632 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
633 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
634 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
635 and some number of parent commits.
637 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
638 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
639 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
640 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
642 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
643 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
644 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
645 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
648 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
649 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
651 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
652 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
653 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
654 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
655 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
656 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
658 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
659 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
660 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
661 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
662 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
663 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
664 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
665 content stored in the index.
667 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
668 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
669 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
673 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
674 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
675 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
676 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
680 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
681 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
682 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
686 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
687 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
688 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
689 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
690 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
694 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite