6 git-merge-base - Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge
12 'git merge-base' [-a | --all] <commit> <commit>...
13 'git merge-base' [-a | --all] --octopus <commit>...
14 'git merge-base' --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>
15 'git merge-base' --independent <commit>...
16 'git merge-base' --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]
21 'git merge-base' finds the best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use
22 in a three-way merge. One common ancestor is 'better' than another common
23 ancestor if the latter is an ancestor of the former. A common ancestor
24 that does not have any better common ancestor is a 'best common
25 ancestor', i.e. a 'merge base'. Note that there can be more than one
26 merge base for a pair of commits.
31 In the most common special case, specifying only two commits on the
32 command line means computing the merge base between the given two commits.
34 More generally, among the two commits to compute the merge base from,
35 one is specified by the first commit argument on the command line;
36 the other commit is a (possibly hypothetical) commit that is a merge
37 across all the remaining commits on the command line.
39 As a consequence, the 'merge base' is not necessarily contained in each of the
40 commit arguments if more than two commits are specified. This is different
41 from linkgit:git-show-branch[1] when used with the `--merge-base` option.
44 Compute the best common ancestors of all supplied commits,
45 in preparation for an n-way merge. This mimics the behavior
46 of 'git show-branch --merge-base'.
49 Instead of printing merge bases, print a minimal subset of
50 the supplied commits with the same ancestors. In other words,
51 among the commits given, list those which cannot be reached
52 from any other. This mimics the behavior of 'git show-branch
56 Check if the first <commit> is an ancestor of the second <commit>,
57 and exit with status 0 if true, or with status 1 if not.
58 Errors are signaled by a non-zero status that is not 1.
61 Find the point at which a branch (or any history that leads
62 to <commit>) forked from another branch (or any reference)
63 <ref>. This does not just look for the common ancestor of
64 the two commits, but also takes into account the reflog of
65 <ref> to see if the history leading to <commit> forked from
66 an earlier incarnation of the branch <ref> (see discussion
73 Output all merge bases for the commits, instead of just one.
78 Given two commits 'A' and 'B', `git merge-base A B` will output a commit
79 which is reachable from both 'A' and 'B' through the parent relationship.
81 For example, with this topology:
86 ---o---1---o---o---o---A
89 the merge base between 'A' and 'B' is '1'.
91 Given three commits 'A', 'B', and 'C', `git merge-base A B C` will compute the
92 merge base between 'A' and a hypothetical commit 'M', which is a merge
93 between 'B' and 'C'. For example, with this topology:
100 ---2---1---o---o---o---A
103 the result of `git merge-base A B C` is '1'. This is because the
104 equivalent topology with a merge commit 'M' between 'B' and 'C' is:
112 ---2---1---o---o---o---A
115 and the result of `git merge-base A M` is '1'. Commit '2' is also a
116 common ancestor between 'A' and 'M', but '1' is a better common ancestor,
117 because '2' is an ancestor of '1'. Hence, '2' is not a merge base.
119 The result of `git merge-base --octopus A B C` is '2', because '2' is
120 the best common ancestor of all commits.
122 When the history involves criss-cross merges, there can be more than one
123 'best' common ancestor for two commits. For example, with this topology:
133 both '1' and '2' are merge bases of A and B. Neither one is better than
134 the other (both are 'best' merge bases). When the `--all` option is not given,
135 it is unspecified which best one is output.
137 A common idiom to check "fast-forward-ness" between two commits A
138 and B is (or at least used to be) to compute the merge base between
139 A and B, and check if it is the same as A, in which case, A is an
140 ancestor of B. You will see this idiom used often in older scripts.
143 A=$(git rev-parse --verify A)
144 if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)"
146 ... A is an ancestor of B ...
150 In modern git, you can say this in a more direct way:
153 if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B
155 ... A is an ancestor of B ...
161 Discussion on fork-point mode
162 -----------------------------
164 After working on the `topic` branch created with `git switch -c
165 topic origin/master`, the history of remote-tracking branch
166 `origin/master` may have been rewound and rebuilt, leading to a
167 history of this shape:
172 ---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master)
179 where `origin/master` used to point at commits B0, B1, B2 and now it
180 points at B, and your `topic` branch was started on top of it back
181 when `origin/master` was at B0, and you built three commits, D0, D1,
182 and D, on top of it. Imagine that you now want to rebase the work
183 you did on the topic on top of the updated origin/master.
185 In such a case, `git merge-base origin/master topic` would return the
186 parent of B0 in the above picture, but B0^..D is *not* the range of
187 commits you would want to replay on top of B (it includes B0, which
188 is not what you wrote; it is a commit the other side discarded when
189 it moved its tip from B0 to B1).
191 `git merge-base --fork-point origin/master topic` is designed to
192 help in such a case. It takes not only B but also B0, B1, and B2
193 (i.e. old tips of the remote-tracking branches your repository's
194 reflog knows about) into account to see on which commit your topic
195 branch was built and finds B0, allowing you to replay only the
196 commits on your topic, excluding the commits the other side later
201 $ fork_point=$(git merge-base --fork-point origin/master topic)
205 $ git rebase --onto origin/master $fork_point topic
207 will replay D0, D1, and D on top of B to create a new history of this
213 ---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master)
215 B0 D0'--D1'--D' (topic - updated)
217 D0---D1---D (topic - old)
220 A caveat is that older reflog entries in your repository may be
221 expired by `git gc`. If B0 no longer appears in the reflog of the
222 remote-tracking branch `origin/master`, the `--fork-point` mode
223 obviously cannot find it and fails, avoiding to give a random and
224 useless result (such as the parent of B0, like the same command
225 without the `--fork-point` option gives).
227 Also, the remote-tracking branch you use the `--fork-point` mode
228 with must be the one your topic forked from its tip. If you forked
229 from an older commit than the tip, this mode would not find the fork
230 point (imagine in the above sample history B0 did not exist,
231 origin/master started at B1, moved to B2 and then B, and you forked
232 your topic at origin/master^ when origin/master was B1; the shape of
233 the history would be the same as above, without B0, and the parent
234 of B1 is what `git merge-base origin/master topic` correctly finds,
235 but the `--fork-point` mode will not, because it is not one of the
236 commits that used to be at the tip of origin/master).
241 linkgit:git-rev-list[1],
242 linkgit:git-show-branch[1],
247 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite