6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.5.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.3]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
51 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
52 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
54 * link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
57 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
60 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
61 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
62 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
64 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
67 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
68 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
69 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
70 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
71 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
73 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
76 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
77 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
78 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
79 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
81 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
84 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
85 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
86 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
87 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
88 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
89 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
90 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
92 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
95 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
96 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
97 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
98 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
100 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
109 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
121 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
131 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
143 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
154 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
166 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
169 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
170 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
177 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
186 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
189 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
196 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
204 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
206 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
211 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
212 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
213 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
214 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
216 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
219 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
222 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
223 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
225 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
228 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
229 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
230 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
231 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
232 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
233 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
234 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
235 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
236 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
237 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
239 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
242 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
243 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
247 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
250 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
251 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
252 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
253 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
258 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
259 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
261 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
264 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
266 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
267 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
268 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
269 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
271 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
274 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
275 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
276 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
277 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
278 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
281 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
282 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
283 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
284 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
285 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
286 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
288 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
291 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
292 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
293 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
294 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
296 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
299 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
300 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
301 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
302 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
303 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
304 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
305 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
307 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
310 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
318 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
321 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
329 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
332 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
333 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
334 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
335 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
338 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
341 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
344 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
345 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
346 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
347 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
348 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
349 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
350 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
351 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
352 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
354 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
357 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
358 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
359 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
360 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
361 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
362 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
364 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
367 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
368 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
369 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
370 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
371 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
372 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
373 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
375 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
378 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
379 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
380 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
381 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
382 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
383 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
384 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
386 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
387 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
388 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
389 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
398 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
401 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
402 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
403 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
404 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
406 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
407 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
408 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
412 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
413 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
414 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
417 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
418 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
419 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
420 example the following invocations are equivalent:
422 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
423 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
426 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
427 given will override values from configuration files.
428 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
429 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
431 --exec-path[=<path>]::
432 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
433 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
434 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
435 the current setting and then exit.
438 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
439 documentation is installed and exit.
442 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
443 this version of Git and exit.
446 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
447 version of Git are installed and exit.
451 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
452 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
453 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
457 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
460 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
461 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
462 path or relative path to current working directory.
465 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
466 or a path relative to the current working directory.
467 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
468 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
469 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
470 more detailed discussion).
473 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
474 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
478 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
479 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
482 --no-replace-objects::
483 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
484 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
486 --literal-pathspecs::
487 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
488 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
492 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
493 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
494 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
498 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
499 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
500 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
504 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
505 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
510 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
511 ("plumbing") commands.
513 High-level commands (porcelain)
514 -------------------------------
516 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
517 ancillary user utilities.
519 Main porcelain commands
520 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
522 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
528 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
532 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
535 Interacting with Others
536 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
538 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
539 people via patch over e-mail.
541 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
544 Low-level commands (plumbing)
545 -----------------------------
547 Although Git includes its
548 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
549 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
550 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
551 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
553 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
554 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
555 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
556 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
557 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
560 The following description divides
561 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
562 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
563 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
567 Manipulation commands
568 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
570 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
573 Interrogation commands
574 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
576 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
578 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
582 Synching repositories
583 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
585 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
587 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
588 typically do not use them directly.
590 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
593 Internal helper commands
594 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
596 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
597 users typically do not use them directly.
599 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
602 Configuration Mechanism
603 -----------------------
605 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
606 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
611 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
616 ; Don't trust file modes
621 name = "Junio C Hamano"
622 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
626 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
627 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
628 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
631 Identifier Terminology
632 ----------------------
634 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
637 Indicates a blob object name.
640 Indicates a tree object name.
643 Indicates a commit object name.
646 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
647 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
648 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
649 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
652 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
653 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
654 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
655 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
658 Indicates that an object type is required.
659 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
662 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
663 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
667 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
671 indicates the head of the current branch.
675 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
679 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
681 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
682 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
685 File/Directory Structure
686 ------------------------
688 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
690 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
692 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
698 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
701 Environment Variables
702 ---------------------
703 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
707 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
708 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
709 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
712 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
713 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
716 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
717 If the object storage directory is specified via this
718 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
719 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
722 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
723 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
724 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
725 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
726 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
727 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
730 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
731 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
732 for the base of the repository.
733 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
736 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
737 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
738 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
741 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
742 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
744 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
745 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
746 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
747 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
748 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
749 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
750 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
751 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
752 might be present in order to compare them with the current
753 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
754 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
755 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
757 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
759 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
760 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
761 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
762 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
763 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
764 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
765 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
766 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
774 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
775 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
776 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
778 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
783 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
784 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
785 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
786 value passed on the Git diff command line.
788 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
789 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
790 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
791 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
792 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
794 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
798 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
799 contents of <old|new>,
800 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
801 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
803 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
804 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
805 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
806 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
807 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
809 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
814 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
815 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
816 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
817 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
820 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
821 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
822 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
823 linkgit:git-config[1].
826 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
827 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
828 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
829 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
832 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
833 and 'git push' will use this command instead
834 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
835 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
836 four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
837 from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
838 remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
839 the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
840 than the default SSH port.
842 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
843 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
844 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
846 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
847 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
851 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
852 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
853 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
854 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
855 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
857 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
858 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
859 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
860 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
861 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
862 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
863 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
866 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
867 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
868 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
869 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
871 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
872 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
873 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
874 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
877 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
878 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
879 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
880 execution and external command execution.
881 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
882 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
883 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
884 trace messages into this file descriptor.
885 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
886 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
887 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
890 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
891 If this variable is set to a path, a file will be created at
892 the given path logging all accesses to any packs. For each
893 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
894 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
895 pack-related performance problems.
898 If this variable is set, it shows a trace of all packets
899 coming in or out of a given program. This can help with
900 debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing
901 is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK".
903 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
904 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
905 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
906 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
907 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
908 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
909 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
910 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
913 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
914 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
916 GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS::
917 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
918 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
920 GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS::
921 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
922 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
924 'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION'::
925 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
926 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
927 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
928 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
929 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
930 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
931 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
932 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
935 Discussion[[Discussion]]
936 ------------------------
938 More detail on the following is available from the
939 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
940 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
942 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
943 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
944 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
945 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
946 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
947 as tags and branch heads.
949 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
950 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
951 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
952 and some number of parent commits.
954 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
955 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
956 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
957 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
959 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
960 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
961 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
962 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
965 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
966 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
968 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
969 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
970 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
971 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
972 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
973 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
975 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
976 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
977 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
978 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
979 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
980 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
981 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
982 content stored in the index.
984 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
985 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
986 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
988 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
989 ---------------------
991 See the references in the "description" section to get started
992 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
993 for a first-time user.
995 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
996 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
997 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
999 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1001 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1004 The internals are documented in the
1005 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1007 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1008 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1013 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1014 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1015 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1016 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1018 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1019 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1020 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1025 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1026 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1027 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1031 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1032 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1033 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1034 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1035 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1039 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite