4 Ok, so you're a CVS user. That's ok, it's a treatable condition, and the
5 first step to recovery is admitting you have a problem. The fact that
6 you are reading this file means that you may be well on that path
9 The thing about CVS is that it absolutely sucks as a source control
10 manager, and you'll thus be happy with almost anything else. Git,
11 however, may be a bit _too_ different (read: "good") for your taste, and
12 does a lot of things differently.
14 One particular suckage of CVS is very hard to work around: CVS is
15 basically a tool for tracking _file_ history, while git is a tool for
16 tracking _project_ history. This sometimes causes problems if you are
17 used to doign very strange things in CVS, in particular if you're doing
18 things like making branches of just a subset of the project. Git can't
19 track that, since git never tracks things on the level of an individual
20 file, only on the whole project level.
22 The good news is that most people don't do that, and in fact most sane
23 people think it's a bug in CVS that makes it tag (and check in changes)
24 one file at a time. So most projects you'll ever see will use CVS
25 _as_if_ it was sane. In which case you'll find it very easy indeed to
28 First off: this is not a git tutorial. See Documentation/tutorial.txt
29 for how git actually works. This is more of a random collection of
30 gotcha's and notes on converting from CVS to git.
32 Second: CVS has the notion of a "repository" as opposed to the thing
33 that you're actually working in (your working directory, or your
34 "checked out tree"). Git does not have that notion at all, and all git
35 working directories _are_ the repositories. However, you can easily
36 emulate the CVS model by having one special "global repository", which
37 people can synchronize with. See details later, but in the meantime
38 just keep in mind that with git, every checked out working tree will be
39 a full revision control of its own.
42 Importing a CVS archive
43 -----------------------
45 Ok, you have an old project, and you want to at least give git a chance
46 to see how it performs. The first thing you want to do (after you've
47 gone through the git tutorial, and generally familiarized yourself with
48 how to commit stuff etc in git) is to create a git'ified version of your
51 Happily, that's very easy indeed. Git will do it for you, although git
52 will need the help of a program called "cvsps":
54 http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/
56 which is not actually related to git at all, but which makes CVS usage
57 look almost sane (ie you almost certainly want to have it even if you
58 decide to stay with CVS). However, git will want at _least_ version 2.1
59 of cvsps (available at the address above), and in fact will currently
60 refuse to work with anything else.
62 Once you've gotten (and installed) cvsps, you may or may not want to get
63 any more familiar with it, but make sure it is in your path. After that,
64 the magic command line is
66 git cvsimport <cvsroot> <module>
68 which will do exactly what you'd think it does: it will create a git
69 archive of the named CVS module. The new archive will be created in a
70 subdirectory named <module>.
72 It can take some time to actually do the conversion for a large archive,
73 and the conversion script can be reasonably chatty, but on some not very
74 scientific tests it averaged about eight revisions per second, so a
75 medium-sized project should not take more than a couple of minutes.
78 Emulating CVS behaviour
79 -----------------------
82 FIXME! Talk about setting up several repositories, and pulling and
83 pushing between them. Talk about merging, and branches. Some of this
84 needs to be in the tutorial too.
91 The core GIT itself does not have a "cvs annotate" equivalent.
92 It has something that you may want to use when you would use
95 Let's step back a bit and think about the reason why you would
96 want to do "cvs annotate a-file.c" to begin with.
98 You would use "cvs annotate" on a file when you have trouble
99 with a function (or even a single "if" statement in a function)
100 that happens to be defined in the file, which does not do what
101 you want it to do. And you would want to find out why it was
102 written that way, because you are about to modify it to suit
103 your needs, and at the same time you do not want to break its
104 current callers. For that, you are trying to find out why the
105 original author did things that way in the original context.
107 Many times, it may be enough to see the commit log messages of
108 commits that touch the file in question, possibly along with the
109 patches themselves, like this:
111 $ git-whatchanged -p a-file.c
113 This will show log messages and patches for each commit that
116 This, however, may not be very useful when this file has many
117 modifications that are not related to the piece of code you are
118 interested in. You would see many log messages and patches that
119 do not have anything to do with the piece of code you are
120 interested in. As an example, assuming that you have this piece
121 code that you are interested in in the HEAD version:
127 you would use git-rev-list and git-diff-tree like this:
129 $ git-rev-list HEAD |
130 git-diff-tree --stdin -v -p -S'if (frotz) {
134 We have already talked about the "--stdin" form of git-diff-tree
135 command that reads the list of commits and compares each commit
136 with its parents. The git-whatchanged command internally runs
137 the equivalent of the above command, and can be used like this:
139 $ git-whatchanged -p -S'if (frotz) {
143 When the -S option is used, git-diff-tree command outputs
144 differences between two commits only if one tree has the
145 specified string in a file and the corresponding file in the
146 other tree does not. The above example looks for a commit that
147 has the "if" statement in it in a file, but its parent commit
148 does not have it in the same shape in the corresponding file (or
149 the other way around, where the parent has it and the commit
150 does not), and the differences between them are shown, along
151 with the commit message (thanks to the -v flag). It does not
152 show anything for commits that do not touch this "if" statement.
154 Also, in the original context, the same statement might have
155 appeared at first in a different file and later the file was
156 renamed to "a-file.c". CVS annotate would not help you to go
157 back across such a rename, but GIT would still help you in such
158 a situation. For that, you can give the -C flag to
159 git-diff-tree, like this:
161 $ git-whatchanged -p -C -S'if (frotz) {
165 When the -C flag is used, file renames and copies are followed.
166 So if the "if" statement in question happens to be in "a-file.c"
167 in the current HEAD commit, even if the file was originally
168 called "o-file.c" and then renamed in an earlier commit, or if
169 the file was created by copying an existing "o-file.c" in an
170 earlier commit, you will not lose track. If the "if" statement
171 did not change across such rename or copy, then the commit that
172 does rename or copy would not show in the output, and if the
173 "if" statement was modified while the file was still called
174 "o-file.c", it would find the commit that changed the statement
175 when it was in "o-file.c".
177 [ BTW, the current versions of "git-diff-tree -C" is not eager
178 enough to find copies, and it will miss the fact that a-file.c
179 was created by copying o-file.c unless o-file.c was somehow
180 changed in the same commit.]
182 You can use the --pickaxe-all flag in addition to the -S flag.
183 This causes the differences from all the files contained in
184 those two commits, not just the differences between the files
185 that contain this changed "if" statement:
187 $ git-whatchanged -p -C -S'if (frotz) {
191 [ Side note. This option is called "--pickaxe-all" because -S
192 option is internally called "pickaxe", a tool for software