6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v2.8.0/git.html[documentation for release 2.8]
49 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
51 * link:v2.7.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.3]
54 link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3],
55 link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2],
56 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
57 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
59 * link:v2.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.6]
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63 link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5],
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65 link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3],
66 link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2],
67 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1],
68 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6].
70 * link:v2.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.5]
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77 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1],
78 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
80 * link:v2.4.11/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.11]
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92 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
93 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
94 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
96 * link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10]
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108 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
109 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
111 * link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
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125 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
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138 * link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
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178 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
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205 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
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214 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
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477 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
478 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
480 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
483 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
484 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
485 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
486 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
487 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
488 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
489 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
491 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
492 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
493 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
494 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
503 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
506 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
507 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
508 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
509 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
511 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
512 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
513 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
517 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
518 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
519 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
522 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
523 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
524 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
525 example the following invocations are equivalent:
527 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
528 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
531 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
532 given will override values from configuration files.
533 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
534 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
536 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
537 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
538 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
539 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
541 --exec-path[=<path>]::
542 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
543 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
544 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
545 the current setting and then exit.
548 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
549 documentation is installed and exit.
552 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
553 this version of Git and exit.
556 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
557 version of Git are installed and exit.
561 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
562 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
563 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
567 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
570 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
571 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
572 path or relative path to current working directory.
575 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
576 or a path relative to the current working directory.
577 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
578 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
579 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
580 more detailed discussion).
583 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
584 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
588 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
589 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
592 --no-replace-objects::
593 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
594 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
596 --literal-pathspecs::
597 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
598 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
602 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
603 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
604 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
608 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
609 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
610 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
614 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
615 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
620 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
621 ("plumbing") commands.
623 High-level commands (porcelain)
624 -------------------------------
626 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
627 ancillary user utilities.
629 Main porcelain commands
630 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
632 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
638 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
642 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
645 Interacting with Others
646 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
648 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
649 people via patch over e-mail.
651 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
654 Low-level commands (plumbing)
655 -----------------------------
657 Although Git includes its
658 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
659 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
660 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
661 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
663 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
664 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
665 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
666 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
667 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
670 The following description divides
671 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
672 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
673 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
677 Manipulation commands
678 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
680 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
683 Interrogation commands
684 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
686 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
688 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
692 Synching repositories
693 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
695 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
697 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
698 typically do not use them directly.
700 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
703 Internal helper commands
704 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
706 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
707 users typically do not use them directly.
709 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
712 Configuration Mechanism
713 -----------------------
715 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
716 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
721 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
726 ; Don't trust file modes
731 name = "Junio C Hamano"
732 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
736 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
737 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
738 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
741 Identifier Terminology
742 ----------------------
744 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
747 Indicates a blob object name.
750 Indicates a tree object name.
753 Indicates a commit object name.
756 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
757 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
758 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
759 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
762 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
763 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
764 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
765 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
768 Indicates that an object type is required.
769 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
772 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
773 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
777 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
781 indicates the head of the current branch.
785 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
789 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
791 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
792 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
795 File/Directory Structure
796 ------------------------
798 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
800 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
802 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
808 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
811 Environment Variables
812 ---------------------
813 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
817 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
818 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
819 Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
822 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
823 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
826 'GIT_INDEX_VERSION'::
827 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
828 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
829 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
830 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
832 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
833 If the object storage directory is specified via this
834 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
835 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
838 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
839 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
840 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
841 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
842 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
843 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
846 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
847 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
848 for the base of the repository.
849 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
852 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
853 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command-line
854 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
857 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
858 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
860 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
861 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
862 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
863 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
864 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
865 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
866 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
867 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
868 might be present in order to compare them with the current
869 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
870 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
871 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
873 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
875 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
876 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
877 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
878 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
879 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
880 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
881 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
882 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
886 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
887 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
888 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
889 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
890 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
891 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
892 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
899 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
900 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
901 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
903 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
908 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
909 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
910 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
911 value passed on the Git diff command line.
913 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
914 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
915 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
916 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
917 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
919 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
923 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
924 contents of <old|new>,
925 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
926 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
928 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
929 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
930 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
931 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
932 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
934 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
937 For each path 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called, two environment variables,
938 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER' and 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL' are set.
940 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER'::
941 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
943 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL'::
944 The total number of paths.
948 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
949 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
950 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
951 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
954 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
955 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
956 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
957 linkgit:git-config[1].
960 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
961 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
962 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
963 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
967 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
968 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
969 when they need to connect to a remote system.
970 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
971 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
972 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
973 '-p' (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
974 something other than the default SSH port.
976 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
977 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
978 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
979 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
982 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
983 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
987 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
988 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
989 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
990 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askPass'
991 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
993 'GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT'::
994 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
995 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
997 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
998 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
999 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
1000 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1001 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1002 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1003 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1006 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1007 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1008 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1009 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1011 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1012 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
1013 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1014 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1017 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1018 command execution and external command execution.
1020 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1021 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1024 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1025 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1026 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1027 trace messages into this file descriptor.
1029 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1030 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1031 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1034 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1035 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1037 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
1038 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1039 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1040 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1041 pack-related performance problems.
1042 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1044 'GIT_TRACE_PACKET'::
1045 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1046 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1047 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1048 starting with "PACK" (but see 'GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE' below).
1049 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1051 'GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE'::
1052 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1053 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1054 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1055 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1056 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1057 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1059 Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1060 of clones and fetches.
1062 'GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE'::
1063 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1064 time of each Git command.
1065 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1068 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1069 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1070 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1072 'GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW'::
1073 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1074 cloning of shallow repositories.
1075 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1077 'GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS'::
1078 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1079 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1080 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1081 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1082 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1083 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1084 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1086 'GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS'::
1087 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1088 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1090 'GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS'::
1091 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1092 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1094 'GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS'::
1095 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1096 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1098 'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION'::
1099 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1100 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1101 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1102 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1103 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1104 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1105 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1106 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1108 'GIT_REF_PARANOIA'::
1109 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1110 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1111 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1112 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1113 this variable automatically when performing destructive
1114 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1115 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1116 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1117 cloning a repository to make a backup).
1119 'GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL'::
1120 If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are
1121 allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to
1122 restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted
1123 repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,
1124 this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not
1125 set at all, all protocols are enabled. The protocol names
1126 currently used by git are:
1128 - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,
1131 - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP
1132 connection (or proxy, if configured)
1134 - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,
1137 - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".
1138 Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,
1139 you should specify both as `http:https`.
1141 - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use
1142 `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)
1145 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1146 ------------------------
1148 More detail on the following is available from the
1149 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1150 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1152 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1153 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1154 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1155 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1156 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1157 as tags and branch heads.
1159 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1160 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1161 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1162 and some number of parent commits.
1164 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1165 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1166 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1167 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1169 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1170 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1171 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1172 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1175 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1176 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1178 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1179 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1180 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1181 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1182 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1183 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1185 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1186 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1187 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1188 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1189 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1190 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1191 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1192 content stored in the index.
1194 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1195 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1196 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1198 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1199 ---------------------
1201 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1202 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1203 for a first-time user.
1205 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1206 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1207 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1209 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1211 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1214 The internals are documented in the
1215 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1217 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1218 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1223 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1224 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1225 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1226 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1228 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1229 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1230 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1235 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1236 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1237 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1241 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1242 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1243 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1244 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1245 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1249 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite