4 Line oriented diffs are great for reviewing code, because for most
5 hunks, you want to see the old and the new segments of code next to each
6 other. Sometimes, though, when an old line and a new line are very
7 similar, it's hard to immediately see the difference.
9 You can use "--color-words" to highlight only the changed portions of
10 lines. However, this can often be hard to read for code, as it loses
11 the line structure, and you end up with oddly formatted bits.
13 Instead, this script post-processes the line-oriented diff, finds pairs
14 of lines, and highlights the differing segments. It's currently very
15 simple and stupid about doing these tasks. In particular:
17 1. It will only highlight hunks in which the number of removed and
18 added lines is the same, and it will pair lines within the hunk by
19 position (so the first removed line is compared to the first added
20 line, and so forth). This is simple and tends to work well in
21 practice. More complex changes don't highlight well, so we tend to
22 exclude them due to the "same number of removed and added lines"
23 restriction. Or even if we do try to highlight them, they end up
24 not highlighting because of our "don't highlight if the whole line
25 would be highlighted" rule.
27 2. It will find the common prefix and suffix of two lines, and
28 consider everything in the middle to be "different". It could
29 instead do a real diff of the characters between the two lines and
30 find common subsequences. However, the point of the highlight is to
31 call attention to a certain area. Even if some small subset of the
32 highlighted area actually didn't change, that's OK. In practice it
33 ends up being more readable to just have a single blob on the line
34 showing the interesting bit.
36 The goal of the script is therefore not to be exact about highlighting
37 changes, but to call attention to areas of interest without being
38 visually distracting. Non-diff lines and existing diff coloration is
39 preserved; the intent is that the output should look exactly the same as
40 the input, except for the occasional highlight.
45 You can try out the diff-highlight program with:
47 ---------------------------------------------
48 git log -p --color | /path/to/diff-highlight
49 ---------------------------------------------
51 If you want to use it all the time, drop it in your $PATH and put the
52 following in your git configuration:
54 ---------------------------------------------
56 log = diff-highlight | less
57 show = diff-highlight | less
58 diff = diff-highlight | less
59 ---------------------------------------------
65 You can configure the highlight colors and attributes using git's
66 config. The colors for "old" and "new" lines can be specified
67 independently. There are two "modes" of configuration:
69 1. You can specify a "highlight" color and a matching "reset" color.
70 This will retain any existing colors in the diff, and apply the
71 "highlight" and "reset" colors before and after the highlighted
74 2. You can specify a "normal" color and a "highlight" color. In this
75 case, existing colors are dropped from that line. The non-highlighted
76 bits of the line get the "normal" color, and the highlights get the
79 If no "new" colors are specified, they default to the "old" colors. If
80 no "old" colors are specified, the default is to reverse the foreground
81 and background for highlighted portions.
85 ---------------------------------------------
86 # Underline highlighted portions
87 [color "diff-highlight"]
90 ---------------------------------------------
92 ---------------------------------------------
93 # Varying background intensities
94 [color "diff-highlight"]
95 oldNormal = "black #f8cbcb"
96 oldHighlight = "black #ffaaaa"
97 newNormal = "black #cbeecb"
98 newHighlight = "black #aaffaa"
99 ---------------------------------------------
102 Using diff-highlight as a module
103 --------------------------------
105 If you want to pre- or post- process the highlighted lines as part of
106 another perl script, you can use the DiffHighlight module. You can
107 either "require" it or just cat the module together with your script (to
108 avoid run-time dependencies).
110 Your script may set up one or more of the following variables:
112 - $DiffHighlight::line_cb - this should point to a function which is
113 called whenever DiffHighlight has lines (which may contain
114 highlights) to output. The default function prints each line to
115 stdout. Note that the function may be called with multiple lines.
117 - $DiffHighlight::flush_cb - this should point to a function which
118 flushes the output (because DiffHighlight believes it has completed
119 processing a logical chunk of input). The default function flushes
122 The script may then feed lines, one at a time, to DiffHighlight::handle_line().
123 When lines are done processing, they will be fed to $line_cb. Note that
124 DiffHighlight may queue up many input lines (to analyze a whole hunk)
125 before calling $line_cb. After providing all lines, call
126 DiffHighlight::flush() to flush any unprocessed lines.
128 If you just want to process stdin, DiffHighlight::highlight_stdin()
129 is a convenience helper which will loop and flush for you.
135 Because diff-highlight relies on heuristics to guess which parts of
136 changes are important, there are some cases where the highlighting is
137 more distracting than useful. Fortunately, these cases are rare in
138 practice, and when they do occur, the worst case is simply a little
139 extra highlighting. This section documents some cases known to be
140 sub-optimal, in case somebody feels like working on improving the
143 1. Two changes on the same line get highlighted in a blob. For example,
146 ----------------------------------------------
148 +foo(obj->buf, obj->size);
149 ----------------------------------------------
151 yields (where the inside of "+{}" would be highlighted):
153 ----------------------------------------------
155 +foo(+{obj->buf, obj->}size);
156 ----------------------------------------------
158 whereas a more semantically meaningful output would be:
160 ----------------------------------------------
162 +foo(+{obj->}buf, +{obj->}size);
163 ----------------------------------------------
165 Note that doing this right would probably involve a set of
166 content-specific boundary patterns, similar to word-diff. Otherwise
169 -----------------------------------------------------
170 -this line has some -{i}nt-{ere}sti-{ng} text on it
171 +this line has some +{fa}nt+{a}sti+{c} text on it
172 -----------------------------------------------------
174 which is less readable than the current output.
176 2. The multi-line matching assumes that lines in the pre- and post-image
177 match by position. This is often the case, but can be fooled when a
178 line is removed from the top and a new one added at the bottom (or
179 vice versa). Unless the lines in the middle are also changed, diffs
180 will show this as two hunks, and it will not get highlighted at all
181 (which is good). But if the lines in the middle are changed, the
182 highlighting can be misleading. Here's a pathological case:
184 -----------------------------------------------------
193 -----------------------------------------------------
195 which gets highlighted as:
197 -----------------------------------------------------
206 -----------------------------------------------------
208 because it matches "two" to "three 3", and so forth. It would be
211 -----------------------------------------------------
220 -----------------------------------------------------
222 which would probably involve pre-matching the lines into pairs
223 according to some heuristic.