6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v2.3.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.3]
49 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3],
50 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2],
51 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
52 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
54 * link:v2.2.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.2]
57 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
58 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
59 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
61 * link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
64 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
65 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
66 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
67 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
68 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
70 * link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
73 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
74 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4],
75 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
76 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2],
77 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
78 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
80 * link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
83 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5],
84 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
85 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
86 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2],
87 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1],
88 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
90 * link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
93 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
94 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
95 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4],
96 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
97 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
98 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
99 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
101 * link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
104 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
105 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
106 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
107 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
108 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
109 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
111 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
114 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
115 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
116 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
117 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
118 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
120 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
123 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
124 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
125 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
126 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
128 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
131 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
132 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
133 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
134 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
135 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
136 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
137 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
139 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
142 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
143 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
144 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
145 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
147 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
156 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
168 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
178 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
185 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
186 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
187 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
188 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
190 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
195 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
196 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
197 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
198 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
201 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
204 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
205 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
206 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
207 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
208 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
211 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
213 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
216 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
217 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
218 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
219 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
222 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
224 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
227 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
228 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
229 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
230 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
231 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
233 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
236 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
237 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
238 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
239 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
240 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
241 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
243 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
246 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
247 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
248 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
249 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
250 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
251 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
253 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
256 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
257 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
258 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
259 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
260 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
261 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
263 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
266 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
267 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
268 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
269 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
270 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
272 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
275 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
276 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
277 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
278 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
279 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
280 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
281 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
282 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
283 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
284 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
286 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
289 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
290 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
291 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
292 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
294 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
297 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
298 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
299 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
300 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
301 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
302 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
303 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
304 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
305 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
306 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
308 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
311 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
312 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
313 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
314 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
315 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
316 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
318 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
321 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
322 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
323 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
324 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
325 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
328 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
329 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
330 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
331 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
332 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
333 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
335 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
338 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
339 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
340 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
341 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
343 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
346 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
347 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
348 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
349 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
350 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
351 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
352 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
354 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
357 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
358 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
359 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
360 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
361 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
362 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
363 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
365 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
368 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
369 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
370 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
371 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
372 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
373 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
374 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
376 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
379 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
380 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
381 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
382 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
383 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
384 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
385 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
386 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
388 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
391 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
392 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
393 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
394 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
395 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
396 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
397 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
398 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
399 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
401 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
404 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
405 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
406 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
407 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
408 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
409 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
411 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
414 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
415 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
416 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
417 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
418 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
419 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
420 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
422 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
425 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
426 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
427 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
428 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
429 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
430 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
431 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
433 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
434 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
435 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
436 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
445 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
448 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
449 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
450 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
451 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
453 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
454 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
455 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
459 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
460 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
461 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
464 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
465 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
466 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
467 example the following invocations are equivalent:
469 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
470 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
473 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
474 given will override values from configuration files.
475 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
476 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
478 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
479 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
480 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
481 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
483 --exec-path[=<path>]::
484 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
485 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
486 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
487 the current setting and then exit.
490 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
491 documentation is installed and exit.
494 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
495 this version of Git and exit.
498 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
499 version of Git are installed and exit.
503 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
504 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
505 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
509 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
512 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
513 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
514 path or relative path to current working directory.
517 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
518 or a path relative to the current working directory.
519 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
520 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
521 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
522 more detailed discussion).
525 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
526 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
530 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
531 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
534 --no-replace-objects::
535 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
536 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
538 --literal-pathspecs::
539 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
540 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
544 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
545 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
546 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
550 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
551 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
552 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
556 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
557 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
562 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
563 ("plumbing") commands.
565 High-level commands (porcelain)
566 -------------------------------
568 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
569 ancillary user utilities.
571 Main porcelain commands
572 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
574 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
580 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
584 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
587 Interacting with Others
588 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
590 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
591 people via patch over e-mail.
593 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
596 Low-level commands (plumbing)
597 -----------------------------
599 Although Git includes its
600 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
601 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
602 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
603 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
605 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
606 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
607 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
608 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
609 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
612 The following description divides
613 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
614 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
615 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
619 Manipulation commands
620 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
622 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
625 Interrogation commands
626 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
628 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
630 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
634 Synching repositories
635 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
637 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
639 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
640 typically do not use them directly.
642 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
645 Internal helper commands
646 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
648 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
649 users typically do not use them directly.
651 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
654 Configuration Mechanism
655 -----------------------
657 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
658 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
663 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
668 ; Don't trust file modes
673 name = "Junio C Hamano"
674 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
678 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
679 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
680 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
683 Identifier Terminology
684 ----------------------
686 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
689 Indicates a blob object name.
692 Indicates a tree object name.
695 Indicates a commit object name.
698 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
699 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
700 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
701 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
704 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
705 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
706 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
707 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
710 Indicates that an object type is required.
711 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
714 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
715 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
719 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
723 indicates the head of the current branch.
727 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
731 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
733 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
734 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
737 File/Directory Structure
738 ------------------------
740 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
742 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
744 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
750 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
753 Environment Variables
754 ---------------------
755 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
759 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
760 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
761 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
764 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
765 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
768 'GIT_INDEX_VERSION'::
769 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
770 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
771 files. By default index file version [23] is used.
773 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
774 If the object storage directory is specified via this
775 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
776 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
779 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
780 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
781 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
782 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
783 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
784 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
787 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
788 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
789 for the base of the repository.
790 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
793 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
794 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command-line
795 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
798 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
799 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
801 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
802 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
803 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
804 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
805 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
806 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
807 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
808 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
809 might be present in order to compare them with the current
810 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
811 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
812 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
814 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
816 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
817 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
818 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
819 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
820 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
821 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
822 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
823 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
831 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
832 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
833 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
835 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
840 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
841 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
842 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
843 value passed on the Git diff command line.
845 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
846 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
847 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
848 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
849 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
851 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
855 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
856 contents of <old|new>,
857 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
858 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
860 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
861 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
862 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
863 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
864 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
866 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
869 For each path 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called, two environment variables,
870 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER' and 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL' are set.
872 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER'::
873 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
875 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL'::
876 The total number of paths.
880 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
881 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
882 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
883 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
886 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
887 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
888 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
889 linkgit:git-config[1].
892 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
893 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
894 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
895 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
899 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
900 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
901 when they need to connect to a remote system.
902 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
903 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
904 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
905 '-p' (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
906 something other than the default SSH port.
908 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
909 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
910 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
911 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
914 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
915 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
919 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
920 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
921 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
922 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
923 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
925 'GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT'::
926 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
927 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
929 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
930 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
931 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
932 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
933 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
934 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
935 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
938 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
939 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
940 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
941 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
943 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
944 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
945 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
946 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
949 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
950 command execution and external command execution.
952 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
953 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
956 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
957 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
958 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
959 trace messages into this file descriptor.
961 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
962 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
963 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
966 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
967 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
969 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
970 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
971 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
972 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
973 pack-related performance problems.
974 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
977 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
978 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
979 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
980 starting with "PACK".
981 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
983 'GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE'::
984 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
985 time of each Git command.
986 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
989 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
990 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
991 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
993 'GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW'::
994 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
995 cloning of shallow repositories.
996 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
998 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
999 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1000 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1001 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1002 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1003 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1004 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1005 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1007 GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS::
1008 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1009 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1011 GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS::
1012 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1013 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1015 GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS::
1016 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1017 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1019 'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION'::
1020 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1021 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1022 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1023 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1024 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1025 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1026 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1027 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1030 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1031 ------------------------
1033 More detail on the following is available from the
1034 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1035 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1037 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1038 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1039 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1040 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1041 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1042 as tags and branch heads.
1044 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1045 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1046 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1047 and some number of parent commits.
1049 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1050 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1051 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1052 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1054 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1055 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1056 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1057 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1060 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1061 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1063 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1064 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1065 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1066 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1067 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1068 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1070 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1071 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1072 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1073 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1074 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1075 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1076 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1077 content stored in the index.
1079 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1080 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1081 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1083 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1084 ---------------------
1086 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1087 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1088 for a first-time user.
1090 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1091 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1092 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1094 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1096 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1099 The internals are documented in the
1100 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1102 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1103 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1108 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1109 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1110 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1111 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1113 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1114 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1115 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1120 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1121 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1122 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1126 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1127 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1128 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1129 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1130 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1134 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite