6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.10/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
52 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
55 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
64 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
75 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
87 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
98 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
107 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
117 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
127 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
131 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
137 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
146 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
160 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
163 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
164 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
165 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
166 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
168 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
171 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
172 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
173 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
174 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
175 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
176 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
177 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
178 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
179 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
180 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
182 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
185 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
186 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
187 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
188 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
189 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
190 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
192 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
195 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
196 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
197 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
198 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
199 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
202 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
203 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
204 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
205 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
206 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
207 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
209 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
213 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
215 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
217 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
220 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
221 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
223 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
224 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
225 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
226 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
228 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
231 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
232 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
233 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
239 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
242 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
243 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
244 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
250 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
253 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
254 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
255 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
256 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
262 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
265 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
266 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
267 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
268 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
269 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
272 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
275 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
278 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
279 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
281 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
285 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
288 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
289 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
296 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
299 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
300 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
307 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
308 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
309 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
310 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
319 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
322 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
323 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
324 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
325 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
327 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
328 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
329 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
333 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
334 given will override values from configuration files.
335 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
336 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
338 --exec-path[=<path>]::
339 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
340 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
341 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
342 the current setting and then exit.
345 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
346 documentation is installed and exit.
349 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
350 this version of git and exit.
353 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
354 version of git are installed and exit.
358 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
359 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
360 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
364 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
367 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
368 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
369 path or relative path to current working directory.
372 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
373 or a path relative to the current working directory.
374 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
375 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
376 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
377 more detailed discussion).
380 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
381 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
385 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
386 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
389 --no-replace-objects::
390 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
391 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
394 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
395 ---------------------
397 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
398 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
400 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
401 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
402 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
404 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
406 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
409 The internals are documented in the
410 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
415 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
416 ("plumbing") commands.
418 High-level commands (porcelain)
419 -------------------------------
421 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
422 ancillary user utilities.
424 Main porcelain commands
425 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
427 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
433 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
437 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
440 Interacting with Others
441 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
443 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
444 people via patch over e-mail.
446 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
449 Low-level commands (plumbing)
450 -----------------------------
452 Although git includes its
453 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
454 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
455 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
456 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
458 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
459 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
460 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
461 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
462 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
465 The following description divides
466 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
467 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
468 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
472 Manipulation commands
473 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
475 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
478 Interrogation commands
479 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
481 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
483 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
487 Synching repositories
488 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
490 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
492 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
493 typically do not use them directly.
495 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
498 Internal helper commands
499 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
501 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
502 users typically do not use them directly.
504 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
507 Configuration Mechanism
508 -----------------------
510 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
511 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
512 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
513 people. Here is an example:
517 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
522 ; Don't trust file modes
527 name = "Junio C Hamano"
528 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
532 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
533 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
537 Identifier Terminology
538 ----------------------
540 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
543 Indicates a blob object name.
546 Indicates a tree object name.
549 Indicates a commit object name.
552 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
553 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
554 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
555 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
558 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
559 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
560 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
561 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
564 Indicates that an object type is required.
565 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
568 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
569 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
573 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
577 indicates the head of the current branch.
581 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
585 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
587 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
588 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
591 File/Directory Structure
592 ------------------------
594 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
596 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
598 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
604 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
607 Environment Variables
608 ---------------------
609 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
613 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
614 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
615 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
618 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
619 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
622 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
623 If the object storage directory is specified via this
624 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
625 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
628 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
629 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
630 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
631 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
632 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
633 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
636 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
637 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
638 for the base of the repository.
641 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
642 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
643 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
644 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
645 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
648 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
649 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
651 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
652 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
653 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
654 up into while looking for a repository directory.
655 It will not exclude the current working directory or
656 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
657 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
659 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
660 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
661 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
662 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
663 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
664 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
665 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
666 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
674 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
675 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
676 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
678 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
683 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
684 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
685 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
686 value passed on the git diff command line.
688 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
689 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
690 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
691 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
692 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
694 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
698 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
699 contents of <old|new>,
700 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
701 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
703 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
704 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
705 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
706 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
707 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
709 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
714 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
715 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
716 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
717 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
720 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
721 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
722 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
723 linkgit:git-config[1].
726 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
727 It is used by several git comands when, on interactive mode,
728 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
729 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
732 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
733 and 'git push' will use this command instead
734 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
735 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
736 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
737 shell command to execute on that remote system.
739 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
740 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
741 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
743 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
744 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
748 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
749 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
750 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
751 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
752 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
755 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
756 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
757 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
758 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
759 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
760 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
761 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
762 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
765 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
766 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
767 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
768 execution and external command execution.
769 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
770 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
771 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
772 trace messages into this file descriptor.
773 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
774 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
775 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
778 Discussion[[Discussion]]
779 ------------------------
781 More detail on the following is available from the
782 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
783 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
785 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
786 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
787 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
788 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
789 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
790 as tags and branch heads.
792 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
793 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
794 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
795 and some number of parent commits.
797 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
798 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
799 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
800 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
802 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
803 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
804 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
805 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
808 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
809 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
811 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
812 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
813 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
814 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
815 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
816 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
818 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
819 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
820 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
821 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
822 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
823 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
824 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
825 content stored in the index.
827 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
828 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
829 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
833 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
834 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
835 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
836 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
837 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
838 the authors for specific parts of the project.
843 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
844 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
845 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
849 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
850 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
851 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
852 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
853 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
857 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite