6 git-merge-base - Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge
12 'git merge-base' [-a|--all] <commit> <commit>...
13 'git merge-base' [-a|--all] --octopus <commit>...
14 'git merge-base' --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>
15 'git merge-base' --independent <commit>...
16 'git merge-base' --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]
21 'git merge-base' finds best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use
22 in a three-way merge. One common ancestor is 'better' than another common
23 ancestor if the latter is an ancestor of the former. A common ancestor
24 that does not have any better common ancestor is a 'best common
25 ancestor', i.e. a 'merge base'. Note that there can be more than one
26 merge base for a pair of commits.
31 As the most common special case, specifying only two commits on the
32 command line means computing the merge base between the given two commits.
34 More generally, among the two commits to compute the merge base from,
35 one is specified by the first commit argument on the command line;
36 the other commit is a (possibly hypothetical) commit that is a merge
37 across all the remaining commits on the command line.
39 As a consequence, the 'merge base' is not necessarily contained in each of the
40 commit arguments if more than two commits are specified. This is different
41 from linkgit:git-show-branch[1] when used with the `--merge-base` option.
44 Compute the best common ancestors of all supplied commits,
45 in preparation for an n-way merge. This mimics the behavior
46 of 'git show-branch --merge-base'.
49 Instead of printing merge bases, print a minimal subset of
50 the supplied commits with the same ancestors. In other words,
51 among the commits given, list those which cannot be reached
52 from any other. This mimics the behavior of 'git show-branch
56 Check if the first <commit> is an ancestor of the second <commit>,
57 and exit with status 0 if true, or with status 1 if not.
58 Errors are signaled by a non-zero status that is not 1.
61 Find the point at which a branch (or any history that leads
62 to <commit>) forked from another branch (or any reference)
63 <ref>. This does not just look for the common ancestor of
64 the two commits, but also takes into account the reflog of
65 <ref> to see if the history leading to <commit> forked from
66 an earlier incarnation of the branch <ref> (see discussion
73 Output all merge bases for the commits, instead of just one.
78 Given two commits 'A' and 'B', `git merge-base A B` will output a commit
79 which is reachable from both 'A' and 'B' through the parent relationship.
81 For example, with this topology:
85 ---o---1---o---o---o---A
87 the merge base between 'A' and 'B' is '1'.
89 Given three commits 'A', 'B' and 'C', `git merge-base A B C` will compute the
90 merge base between 'A' and a hypothetical commit 'M', which is a merge
91 between 'B' and 'C'. For example, with this topology:
97 ---2---1---o---o---o---A
99 the result of `git merge-base A B C` is '1'. This is because the
100 equivalent topology with a merge commit 'M' between 'B' and 'C' is:
107 ---2---1---o---o---o---A
109 and the result of `git merge-base A M` is '1'. Commit '2' is also a
110 common ancestor between 'A' and 'M', but '1' is a better common ancestor,
111 because '2' is an ancestor of '1'. Hence, '2' is not a merge base.
113 The result of `git merge-base --octopus A B C` is '2', because '2' is
114 the best common ancestor of all commits.
116 When the history involves criss-cross merges, there can be more than one
117 'best' common ancestor for two commits. For example, with this topology:
125 both '1' and '2' are merge-bases of A and B. Neither one is better than
126 the other (both are 'best' merge bases). When the `--all` option is not given,
127 it is unspecified which best one is output.
129 A common idiom to check "fast-forward-ness" between two commits A
130 and B is (or at least used to be) to compute the merge base between
131 A and B, and check if it is the same as A, in which case, A is an
132 ancestor of B. You will see this idiom used often in older scripts.
134 A=$(git rev-parse --verify A)
135 if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)"
137 ... A is an ancestor of B ...
140 In modern git, you can say this in a more direct way:
142 if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B
144 ... A is an ancestor of B ...
149 Discussion on fork-point mode
150 -----------------------------
152 After working on the `topic` branch created with `git checkout -b
153 topic origin/master`, the history of remote-tracking branch
154 `origin/master` may have been rewound and rebuilt, leading to a
155 history of this shape:
159 ---o---o---B2--o---o---o---B (origin/master)
165 where `origin/master` used to point at commits B3, B2, B1 and now it
166 points at B, and your `topic` branch was started on top of it back
167 when `origin/master` was at B3. This mode uses the reflog of
168 `origin/master` to find B3 as the fork point, so that the `topic`
169 can be rebased on top of the updated `origin/master` by:
171 $ fork_point=$(git merge-base --fork-point origin/master topic)
172 $ git rebase --onto origin/master $fork_point topic
177 linkgit:git-rev-list[1],
178 linkgit:git-show-branch[1],
183 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite