6 git-merge - Join two or more development histories together
12 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [--[no-]edit]
13 [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]]
14 [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [<commit>...]
15 'git merge' <msg> HEAD <commit>...
20 Incorporates changes from the named commits (since the time their
21 histories diverged from the current branch) into the current
22 branch. This command is used by 'git pull' to incorporate changes
23 from another repository and can be used by hand to merge changes
24 from one branch into another.
26 Assume the following history exists and the current branch is
35 Then "`git merge topic`" will replay the changes made on the
36 `topic` branch since it diverged from `master` (i.e., `E`) until
37 its current commit (`C`) on top of `master`, and record the result
38 in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits and
39 a log message from the user describing the changes.
44 D---E---F---G---H master
47 The second syntax (<msg> `HEAD` <commit>...) is supported for
48 historical reasons. Do not use it from the command line or in
49 new scripts. It is the same as `git merge -m <msg> <commit>...`.
51 The third syntax ("`git merge --abort`") can only be run after the
52 merge has resulted in conflicts. 'git merge --abort' will abort the
53 merge process and try to reconstruct the pre-merge state. However,
54 if there were uncommitted changes when the merge started (and
55 especially if those changes were further modified after the merge
56 was started), 'git merge --abort' will in some cases be unable to
57 reconstruct the original (pre-merge) changes. Therefore:
59 *Warning*: Running 'git merge' with non-trivial uncommitted changes is
60 discouraged: while possible, it may leave you in a state that is hard to
61 back out of in the case of a conflict.
66 include::merge-options.txt[]
69 --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]::
70 GPG-sign the resulting merge commit. The `keyid` argument is
71 optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified,
72 it must be stuck to the option without a space.
75 Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in
78 If `--log` is specified, a shortlog of the commits being merged
79 will be appended to the specified message.
81 The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be
82 used to give a good default for automated 'git merge'
83 invocations. The automated message can include the branch description.
85 --[no-]rerere-autoupdate::
86 Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
87 result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
90 Abort the current conflict resolution process, and
91 try to reconstruct the pre-merge state.
93 If there were uncommitted worktree changes present when the merge
94 started, 'git merge --abort' will in some cases be unable to
95 reconstruct these changes. It is therefore recommended to always
96 commit or stash your changes before running 'git merge'.
98 'git merge --abort' is equivalent to 'git reset --merge' when
99 `MERGE_HEAD` is present.
101 --allow-unrelated-histories::
102 By default, `git merge` command refuses to merge histories
103 that do not share a common ancestor. This option can be
104 used to override this safety when merging histories of two
105 projects that started their lives independently. As that is
106 a very rare occasion, no configuration variable to enable
107 this by default exists and will not be added, and the list
108 of options at the top of this documentation does not mention
109 this option. Also `git pull` does not pass this option down
110 to `git merge` (instead, you `git fetch` first, examine what
111 you will be merging and then `git merge` locally with this
115 Commits, usually other branch heads, to merge into our branch.
116 Specifying more than one commit will create a merge with
117 more than two parents (affectionately called an Octopus merge).
119 If no commit is given from the command line, merge the remote-tracking
120 branches that the current branch is configured to use as its upstream.
121 See also the configuration section of this manual page.
123 When `FETCH_HEAD` (and no other commit) is specified, the branches
124 recorded in the `.git/FETCH_HEAD` file by the previous invocation
125 of `git fetch` for merging are merged to the current branch.
131 Before applying outside changes, you should get your own work in
132 good shape and committed locally, so it will not be clobbered if
133 there are conflicts. See also linkgit:git-stash[1].
134 'git pull' and 'git merge' will stop without doing anything when
135 local uncommitted changes overlap with files that 'git pull'/'git
136 merge' may need to update.
138 To avoid recording unrelated changes in the merge commit,
139 'git pull' and 'git merge' will also abort if there are any changes
140 registered in the index relative to the `HEAD` commit. (One
141 exception is when the changed index entries are in the state that
142 would result from the merge already.)
144 If all named commits are already ancestors of `HEAD`, 'git merge'
145 will exit early with the message "Already up-to-date."
150 Often the current branch head is an ancestor of the named commit.
151 This is the most common case especially when invoked from 'git
152 pull': you are tracking an upstream repository, you have committed
153 no local changes, and now you want to update to a newer upstream
154 revision. In this case, a new commit is not needed to store the
155 combined history; instead, the `HEAD` (along with the index) is
156 updated to point at the named commit, without creating an extra
159 This behavior can be suppressed with the `--no-ff` option.
164 Except in a fast-forward merge (see above), the branches to be
165 merged must be tied together by a merge commit that has both of them
168 A merged version reconciling the changes from all branches to be
169 merged is committed, and your `HEAD`, index, and working tree are
170 updated to it. It is possible to have modifications in the working
171 tree as long as they do not overlap; the update will preserve them.
173 When it is not obvious how to reconcile the changes, the following
176 1. The `HEAD` pointer stays the same.
177 2. The `MERGE_HEAD` ref is set to point to the other branch head.
178 3. Paths that merged cleanly are updated both in the index file and
179 in your working tree.
180 4. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three
181 versions: stage 1 stores the version from the common ancestor,
182 stage 2 from `HEAD`, and stage 3 from `MERGE_HEAD` (you
183 can inspect the stages with `git ls-files -u`). The working
184 tree files contain the result of the "merge" program; i.e. 3-way
185 merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<<` `===` `>>>`.
186 5. No other changes are made. In particular, the local
187 modifications you had before you started merge will stay the
188 same and the index entries for them stay as they were,
189 i.e. matching `HEAD`.
191 If you tried a merge which resulted in complex conflicts and
192 want to start over, you can recover with `git merge --abort`.
197 When merging an annotated (and possibly signed) tag, Git always
198 creates a merge commit even if a fast-forward merge is possible, and
199 the commit message template is prepared with the tag message.
200 Additionally, if the tag is signed, the signature check is reported
201 as a comment in the message template. See also linkgit:git-tag[1].
203 When you want to just integrate with the work leading to the commit
204 that happens to be tagged, e.g. synchronizing with an upstream
205 release point, you may not want to make an unnecessary merge commit.
207 In such a case, you can "unwrap" the tag yourself before feeding it
208 to `git merge`, or pass `--ff-only` when you do not have any work on
214 git merge --ff-only v1.2.3
218 HOW CONFLICTS ARE PRESENTED
219 ---------------------------
221 During a merge, the working tree files are updated to reflect the result
222 of the merge. Among the changes made to the common ancestor's version,
223 non-overlapping ones (that is, you changed an area of the file while the
224 other side left that area intact, or vice versa) are incorporated in the
225 final result verbatim. When both sides made changes to the same area,
226 however, Git cannot randomly pick one side over the other, and asks you to
227 resolve it by leaving what both sides did to that area.
229 By default, Git uses the same style as the one used by the "merge" program
230 from the RCS suite to present such a conflicted hunk, like this:
233 Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
234 ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
235 <<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
236 Conflict resolution is hard;
239 Git makes conflict resolution easy.
240 >>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
241 And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
244 The area where a pair of conflicting changes happened is marked with markers
245 `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>`. The part before the `=======`
246 is typically your side, and the part afterwards is typically their side.
248 The default format does not show what the original said in the conflicting
249 area. You cannot tell how many lines are deleted and replaced with
250 Barbie's remark on your side. The only thing you can tell is that your
251 side wants to say it is hard and you'd prefer to go shopping, while the
252 other side wants to claim it is easy.
254 An alternative style can be used by setting the "merge.conflictStyle"
255 configuration variable to "diff3". In "diff3" style, the above conflict
259 Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
260 ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
261 <<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
262 Conflict resolution is hard;
265 Conflict resolution is hard.
267 Git makes conflict resolution easy.
268 >>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
269 And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
272 In addition to the `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` markers, it uses
273 another `|||||||` marker that is followed by the original text. You can
274 tell that the original just stated a fact, and your side simply gave in to
275 that statement and gave up, while the other side tried to have a more
276 positive attitude. You can sometimes come up with a better resolution by
277 viewing the original.
280 HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS
281 ------------------------
283 After seeing a conflict, you can do two things:
285 * Decide not to merge. The only clean-ups you need are to reset
286 the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean
287 up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; `git merge --abort`
288 can be used for this.
290 * Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in
291 the working tree. Edit the files into shape and
292 'git add' them to the index. Use 'git commit' to seal the deal.
294 You can work through the conflict with a number of tools:
296 * Use a mergetool. `git mergetool` to launch a graphical
297 mergetool which will work you through the merge.
299 * Look at the diffs. `git diff` will show a three-way diff,
300 highlighting changes from both the `HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD`
303 * Look at the diffs from each branch. `git log --merge -p <path>`
304 will show diffs first for the `HEAD` version and then the
305 `MERGE_HEAD` version.
307 * Look at the originals. `git show :1:filename` shows the
308 common ancestor, `git show :2:filename` shows the `HEAD`
309 version, and `git show :3:filename` shows the `MERGE_HEAD`
316 * Merge branches `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of
317 the current branch, making an octopus merge:
319 ------------------------------------------------
320 $ git merge fixes enhancements
321 ------------------------------------------------
323 * Merge branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours`
326 ------------------------------------------------
327 $ git merge -s ours obsolete
328 ------------------------------------------------
330 * Merge branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make
331 a new commit automatically:
333 ------------------------------------------------
334 $ git merge --no-commit maint
335 ------------------------------------------------
337 This can be used when you want to include further changes to the
338 merge, or want to write your own merge commit message.
340 You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial
341 changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping
342 release/version name would be acceptable.
345 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
349 include::merge-config.txt[]
351 branch.<name>.mergeOptions::
352 Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and
353 supported options are the same as those of 'git merge', but option
354 values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported.
358 linkgit:git-fmt-merge-msg[1], linkgit:git-pull[1],
359 linkgit:gitattributes[5],
360 linkgit:git-reset[1],
361 linkgit:git-diff[1], linkgit:git-ls-files[1],
362 linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-rm[1],
363 linkgit:git-mergetool[1]
367 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite