4 A revision parameter '<rev>' typically, but not necessarily, names a
5 commit object. It uses what is called an 'extended SHA-1'
6 syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The
7 ones listed near the end of this list name trees and
8 blobs contained in a commit.
10 '<sha1>', e.g. 'dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735', 'dae86e'::
11 The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
12 a leading substring that is unique within the repository.
13 E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
14 name the same commit object if there is no other object in
15 your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.
17 '<describeOutput>', e.g. 'v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb'::
18 Output from `git describe`; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
19 followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
20 'g', and an abbreviated object name.
22 '<refname>', e.g. 'master', 'heads/master', 'refs/heads/master'::
23 A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit
24 object referenced by 'refs/heads/master'. If you
25 happen to have both 'heads/master' and 'tags/master', you can
26 explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell Git which one you mean.
27 When ambiguous, a '<refname>' is disambiguated by taking the
28 first match in the following rules:
30 . If '$GIT_DIR/<refname>' exists, that is what you mean (this is usually
31 useful only for 'HEAD', 'FETCH_HEAD', 'ORIG_HEAD', 'MERGE_HEAD'
32 and 'CHERRY_PICK_HEAD');
34 . otherwise, 'refs/<refname>' if it exists;
36 . otherwise, 'refs/tags/<refname>' if it exists;
38 . otherwise, 'refs/heads/<refname>' if it exists;
40 . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>' if it exists;
42 . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>/HEAD' if it exists.
44 'HEAD' names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.
45 'FETCH_HEAD' records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository
46 with your last `git fetch` invocation.
47 'ORIG_HEAD' is created by commands that move your 'HEAD' in a drastic
48 way, to record the position of the 'HEAD' before their operation, so that
49 you can easily change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran
51 'MERGE_HEAD' records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch
52 when you run `git merge`.
53 'CHERRY_PICK_HEAD' records the commit which you are cherry-picking
54 when you run `git cherry-pick`.
56 Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from
57 the '$GIT_DIR/refs' directory or from the '$GIT_DIR/packed-refs' file.
58 While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as
59 some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.
61 '<refname>@\{<date>\}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@\{5 minutes ago\}'::
62 A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification
64 pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '\{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
65 second ago\}' or '\{1979-02-26 18:30:00\}') specifies the value
66 of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be
67 used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an
68 existing log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>'). Note that this looks up the state
69 of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local
70 'master' branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
71 certain times, see '--since' and '--until'.
73 '<refname>@\{<n>\}', e.g. 'master@\{1\}'::
74 A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification
75 enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') specifies
76 the n-th prior value of that ref. For example 'master@\{1\}'
77 is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}'
78 is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used
79 immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
80 log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<refname>').
82 '@\{<n>\}', e.g. '@\{1\}'::
83 You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a
84 reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on
85 branch 'blabla' then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'.
87 '@\{-<n>\}', e.g. '@\{-1\}'::
88 The construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out
89 before the current one.
91 '<branchname>@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}'::
92 The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a branchname (short form '<branchname>@\{u\}')
93 refers to the branch that the branch specified by branchname is set to build on
94 top of. A missing branchname defaults to the current one.
96 '<rev>{caret}', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0'::
97 A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of
98 that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e.
100 is equivalent to '<rev>{caret}1'). As a special rule,
101 '<rev>{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when '<rev>' is the
102 object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.
104 '<rev>{tilde}<n>', e.g. 'master{tilde}3'::
105 A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit
106 object that is the <n>th generation ancestor of the named
107 commit object, following only the first parents. I.e. '<rev>{tilde}3' is
108 equivalent to '<rev>{caret}{caret}{caret}' which is equivalent to
109 '<rev>{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1'. See below for an illustration of
110 the usage of this form.
112 '<rev>{caret}\{<type>\}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}'::
113 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in
114 brace pair means the object
115 could be a tag, and dereference the tag recursively until an
116 object of that type is found or the object cannot be
117 dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). '<rev>{caret}0'
118 is a short-hand for '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'.
120 'rev{caret}\{object\}' can be used to make sure 'rev' names an
121 object that exists, without requiring 'rev' to be a tag, and
122 without dereferencing 'rev'; because a tag is already an object,
123 it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object.
125 '<rev>{caret}\{\}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{\}'::
126 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair
127 means the object could be a tag,
128 and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
131 '<rev>{caret}\{/<text>\}', e.g. 'HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}'::
132 A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter, followed by a brace
133 pair that contains a text led by a slash,
134 is the same as the ':/fix nasty bug' syntax below except that
135 it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
136 the '<rev>' before '{caret}'.
138 ':/<text>', e.g. ':/fix nasty bug'::
139 A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names
140 a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
141 This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
142 reachable from any ref. If the commit message starts with a
143 '!' you have to repeat that; the special sequence ':/!',
144 followed by something else than '!', is reserved for now.
145 The regular expression can match any part of the commit message. To
146 match messages starting with a string, one can use e.g. ':/^foo'.
148 '<rev>:<path>', e.g. 'HEAD:README', ':README', 'master:./README'::
149 A suffix ':' followed by a path names the blob or tree
150 at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
152 ':path' (with an empty part before the colon)
153 is a special case of the syntax described next: content
154 recorded in the index at the given path.
155 A path starting with './' or '../' is relative to the current working directory.
156 The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree's root directory.
157 This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
158 the same tree structure as the working tree.
160 ':<n>:<path>', e.g. ':0:README', ':README'::
161 A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
162 colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the
163 index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon
164 that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
165 1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version
166 (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
167 the branch which is being merged.
169 Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B
170 and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered
173 ........................................
184 ........................................
189 D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2
192 G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
193 H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2
194 I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^
195 J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2
201 History traversing commands such as `git log` operate on a set
202 of commits, not just a single commit. To these commands,
203 specifying a single revision with the notation described in the
204 previous section means the set of commits reachable from that
205 commit, following the commit ancestry chain.
207 To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix '{caret}'
208 notation is used. E.g. '{caret}r1 r2' means commits reachable
209 from 'r2' but exclude the ones reachable from 'r1'.
211 This set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
212 for it. When you have two commits 'r1' and 'r2' (named according
213 to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
214 for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
215 from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'.
217 A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference
218 of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as
219 'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'.
220 It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
221 'r1' or 'r2' but not from both.
223 In these two shorthands, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
224 For example, 'origin..' is a shorthand for 'origin..HEAD' and asks "What
225 did I do since I forked from the origin branch?" Similarly, '..origin'
226 is a shorthand for 'HEAD..origin' and asks "What did the origin do since
227 I forked from them?" Note that '..' would mean 'HEAD..HEAD' which is an
228 empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.
230 Two other shorthands for naming a set that is formed by a commit
231 and its parent commits exist. The 'r1{caret}@' notation means all
232 parents of 'r1'. 'r1{caret}!' includes commit 'r1' but excludes
238 Include commits that are reachable from (i.e. ancestors of)
242 Exclude commits that are reachable from (i.e. ancestors of)
246 Include commits that are reachable from <rev2> but exclude
247 those that are reachable from <rev1>.
250 Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or
251 <rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both.
253 '<rev>{caret}@', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}@'::
254 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an at sign is the same as listing
255 all parents of '<rev>' (meaning, include anything reachable from
256 its parents, but not the commit itself).
258 '<rev>{caret}!', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}!'::
259 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an exclamation mark is the same
260 as giving commit '<rev>' and then all its parents prefixed with
261 '{caret}' to exclude them (and their ancestors).
263 Here are a handful of examples: