6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v2.5.0/git.html[documentation for release 2.5]
49 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5],
51 * link:v2.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.7]
54 link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7],
55 link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6],
56 link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5],
57 link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4],
58 link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3],
59 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
60 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
61 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
63 * link:v2.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.8]
66 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8],
67 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7],
68 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6],
69 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5],
70 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4],
71 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3],
72 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2],
73 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
74 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
76 * link:v2.2.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.2]
79 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
80 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
81 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
83 * link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
86 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
87 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
88 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
89 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
90 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
92 * link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
95 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
96 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4],
97 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
98 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2],
99 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
100 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
102 * link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
105 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5],
106 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
107 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
108 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2],
109 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1],
110 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
112 * link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
115 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
116 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
117 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4],
118 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
119 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
120 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
121 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
123 * link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
126 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
127 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
128 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
129 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
130 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
131 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
133 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
136 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
137 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
138 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
139 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
140 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
142 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
145 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
146 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
147 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
148 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
150 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
153 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
154 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
155 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
156 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
157 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
158 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
159 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
161 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
164 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
165 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
166 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
167 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
169 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
178 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
185 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
186 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
187 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
188 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
190 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
195 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
196 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
197 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
198 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
200 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
204 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
205 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
206 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
207 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
208 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
212 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
215 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
216 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
217 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
218 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
219 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
223 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
226 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
227 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
228 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
229 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
230 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
231 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
232 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
233 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
235 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
238 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
239 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
240 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
241 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
242 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
243 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
244 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
246 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
249 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
250 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
251 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
252 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
253 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
255 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
258 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
259 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
260 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
261 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
262 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
263 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
265 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
268 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
269 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
270 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
271 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
272 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
273 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
275 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
278 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
279 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
280 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
281 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
282 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
283 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
285 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
288 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
289 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
290 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
291 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
292 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
294 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
297 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
298 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
299 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
300 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
301 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
302 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
303 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
304 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
305 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
306 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
308 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
311 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
312 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
313 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
314 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
316 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
319 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
320 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
321 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
322 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
323 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
324 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
325 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
326 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
327 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
328 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
330 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
333 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
334 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
335 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
336 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
337 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
338 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
340 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
343 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
344 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
345 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
346 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
347 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
350 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
351 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
352 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
353 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
354 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
355 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
357 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
360 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
361 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
362 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
363 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
365 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
368 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
369 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
370 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
371 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
372 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
373 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
374 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
376 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
379 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
380 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
381 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
382 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
383 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
384 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
385 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
387 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
390 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
391 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
392 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
393 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
394 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
395 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
396 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
398 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
401 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
402 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
403 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
404 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
405 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
406 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
407 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
408 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
410 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
413 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
414 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
415 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
416 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
417 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
418 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
419 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
420 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
421 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
423 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
426 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
427 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
428 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
429 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
430 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
431 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
433 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
436 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
437 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
438 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
439 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
440 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
441 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
442 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
444 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
447 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
448 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
449 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
450 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
451 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
452 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
453 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
455 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
456 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
457 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
458 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
467 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
470 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
471 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
472 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
473 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
475 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
476 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
477 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
481 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
482 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
483 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
486 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
487 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
488 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
489 example the following invocations are equivalent:
491 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
492 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
495 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
496 given will override values from configuration files.
497 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
498 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
500 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
501 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
502 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
503 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
505 --exec-path[=<path>]::
506 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
507 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
508 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
509 the current setting and then exit.
512 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
513 documentation is installed and exit.
516 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
517 this version of Git and exit.
520 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
521 version of Git are installed and exit.
525 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
526 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
527 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
531 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
534 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
535 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
536 path or relative path to current working directory.
539 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
540 or a path relative to the current working directory.
541 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
542 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
543 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
544 more detailed discussion).
547 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
548 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
552 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
553 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
556 --no-replace-objects::
557 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
558 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
560 --literal-pathspecs::
561 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
562 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
566 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
567 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
568 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
572 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
573 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
574 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
578 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
579 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
584 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
585 ("plumbing") commands.
587 High-level commands (porcelain)
588 -------------------------------
590 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
591 ancillary user utilities.
593 Main porcelain commands
594 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
596 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
602 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
606 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
609 Interacting with Others
610 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
612 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
613 people via patch over e-mail.
615 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
618 Low-level commands (plumbing)
619 -----------------------------
621 Although Git includes its
622 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
623 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
624 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
625 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
627 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
628 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
629 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
630 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
631 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
634 The following description divides
635 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
636 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
637 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
641 Manipulation commands
642 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
644 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
647 Interrogation commands
648 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
650 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
652 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
656 Synching repositories
657 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
659 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
661 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
662 typically do not use them directly.
664 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
667 Internal helper commands
668 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
670 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
671 users typically do not use them directly.
673 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
676 Configuration Mechanism
677 -----------------------
679 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
680 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
685 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
690 ; Don't trust file modes
695 name = "Junio C Hamano"
696 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
700 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
701 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
702 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
705 Identifier Terminology
706 ----------------------
708 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
711 Indicates a blob object name.
714 Indicates a tree object name.
717 Indicates a commit object name.
720 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
721 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
722 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
723 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
726 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
727 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
728 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
729 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
732 Indicates that an object type is required.
733 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
736 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
737 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
741 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
745 indicates the head of the current branch.
749 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
753 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
755 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
756 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
759 File/Directory Structure
760 ------------------------
762 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
764 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
766 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
772 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
775 Environment Variables
776 ---------------------
777 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
781 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
782 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
783 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
786 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
787 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
790 'GIT_INDEX_VERSION'::
791 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
792 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
793 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
794 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
796 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
797 If the object storage directory is specified via this
798 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
799 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
802 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
803 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
804 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
805 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
806 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
807 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
810 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
811 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
812 for the base of the repository.
813 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
816 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
817 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command-line
818 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
821 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
822 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
824 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
825 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
826 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
827 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
828 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
829 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
830 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
831 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
832 might be present in order to compare them with the current
833 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
834 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
835 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
837 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
839 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
840 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
841 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
842 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
843 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
844 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
845 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
846 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
850 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
851 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
852 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
853 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
854 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
855 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
856 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
863 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
864 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
865 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
867 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
872 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
873 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
874 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
875 value passed on the Git diff command line.
877 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
878 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
879 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
880 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
881 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
883 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
887 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
888 contents of <old|new>,
889 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
890 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
892 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
893 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
894 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
895 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
896 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
898 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
901 For each path 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called, two environment variables,
902 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER' and 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL' are set.
904 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER'::
905 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
907 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL'::
908 The total number of paths.
912 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
913 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
914 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
915 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
918 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
919 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
920 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
921 linkgit:git-config[1].
924 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
925 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
926 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
927 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
931 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
932 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
933 when they need to connect to a remote system.
934 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
935 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
936 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
937 '-p' (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
938 something other than the default SSH port.
940 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
941 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
942 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
943 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
946 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
947 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
951 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
952 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
953 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
954 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askPass'
955 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
957 'GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT'::
958 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
959 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
961 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
962 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
963 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
964 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
965 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
966 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
967 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
970 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
971 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
972 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
973 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
975 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
976 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
977 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
978 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
981 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
982 command execution and external command execution.
984 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
985 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
988 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
989 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
990 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
991 trace messages into this file descriptor.
993 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
994 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
995 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
998 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
999 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1001 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
1002 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1003 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1004 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1005 pack-related performance problems.
1006 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1008 'GIT_TRACE_PACKET'::
1009 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1010 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1011 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1012 starting with "PACK".
1013 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1015 'GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE'::
1016 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1017 time of each Git command.
1018 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1021 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1022 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1023 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1025 'GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW'::
1026 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1027 cloning of shallow repositories.
1028 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1030 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
1031 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1032 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1033 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1034 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1035 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1036 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1037 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1039 GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS::
1040 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1041 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1043 GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS::
1044 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1045 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1047 GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS::
1048 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1049 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1051 'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION'::
1052 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1053 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1054 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1055 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1056 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1057 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1058 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1059 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1061 `GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1062 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1063 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1064 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1065 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1066 this variable automatically when performing destructive
1067 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1068 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1069 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1070 cloning a repository to make a backup).
1073 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1074 ------------------------
1076 More detail on the following is available from the
1077 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1078 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1080 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1081 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1082 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1083 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1084 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1085 as tags and branch heads.
1087 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1088 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1089 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1090 and some number of parent commits.
1092 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1093 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1094 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1095 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1097 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1098 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1099 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1100 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1103 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1104 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1106 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1107 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1108 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1109 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1110 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1111 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1113 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1114 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1115 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1116 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1117 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1118 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1119 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1120 content stored in the index.
1122 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1123 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1124 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1126 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1127 ---------------------
1129 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1130 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1131 for a first-time user.
1133 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1134 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1135 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1137 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1139 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1142 The internals are documented in the
1143 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1145 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1146 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1151 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1152 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1153 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1154 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1156 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1157 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1158 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1163 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1164 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1165 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1169 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1170 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1171 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1172 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1173 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1177 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite