6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]
16 [--help] <command> [<args>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.5.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.1]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
53 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
63 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
73 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
83 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
92 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
106 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
109 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
110 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
111 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
112 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
114 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
117 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
118 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
119 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
120 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
121 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
122 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
123 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
124 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
125 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
126 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
128 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
131 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
132 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
133 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
134 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
135 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
136 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
138 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
141 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
142 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
143 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
144 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
145 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
148 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
149 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
150 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
151 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
152 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
153 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
155 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
158 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
159 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
160 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
161 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
163 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
166 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
167 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
168 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
170 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
171 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
172 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
174 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
177 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
178 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
179 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
180 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
181 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
182 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
183 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
185 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
188 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
189 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
190 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
191 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
192 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
193 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
194 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
196 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
199 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
200 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
201 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
202 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
203 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
204 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
205 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
206 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
208 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
211 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
212 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
213 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
214 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
215 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
216 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
217 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
218 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
219 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
221 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
224 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
225 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
226 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
227 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
228 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
229 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
231 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
240 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
242 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
251 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
253 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
254 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
255 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
256 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
265 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
268 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
269 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
270 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
271 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
273 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
274 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
275 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
279 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
280 given will override values from configuration files.
281 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
282 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
284 --exec-path[=<path>]::
285 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
286 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
287 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
288 the current setting and then exit.
291 Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
296 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
297 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
298 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
302 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
305 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
306 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
307 path or relative path to current working directory.
310 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
311 or a path relative to the current working directory.
312 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
313 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
314 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
315 more detailed discussion).
318 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
319 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
322 --no-replace-objects::
323 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
324 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
327 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
328 ---------------------
330 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
331 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
333 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
334 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
335 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
337 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
339 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
342 The internals are documented in the
343 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
348 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
349 ("plumbing") commands.
351 High-level commands (porcelain)
352 -------------------------------
354 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
355 ancillary user utilities.
357 Main porcelain commands
358 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
360 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
366 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
370 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
373 Interacting with Others
374 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
376 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
377 people via patch over e-mail.
379 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
382 Low-level commands (plumbing)
383 -----------------------------
385 Although git includes its
386 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
387 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
388 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
389 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
391 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
392 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
393 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
394 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
395 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
398 The following description divides
399 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
400 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
401 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
405 Manipulation commands
406 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
408 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
411 Interrogation commands
412 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
414 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
416 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
420 Synching repositories
421 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
423 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
425 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
426 typically do not use them directly.
428 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
431 Internal helper commands
432 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
434 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
435 users typically do not use them directly.
437 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
440 Configuration Mechanism
441 -----------------------
443 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
444 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
445 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
446 people. Here is an example:
450 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
455 ; Don't trust file modes
460 name = "Junio C Hamano"
461 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
465 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
466 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
470 Identifier Terminology
471 ----------------------
473 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
476 Indicates a blob object name.
479 Indicates a tree object name.
482 Indicates a commit object name.
485 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
486 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
487 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
488 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
491 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
492 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
493 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
494 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
497 Indicates that an object type is required.
498 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
501 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
502 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
506 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
510 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
511 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
515 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
519 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
521 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
522 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
525 File/Directory Structure
526 ------------------------
528 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
530 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
532 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
538 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
541 Environment Variables
542 ---------------------
543 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
547 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
548 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
549 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
552 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
553 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
556 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
557 If the object storage directory is specified via this
558 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
559 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
562 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
563 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
564 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
565 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
566 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
567 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
570 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
571 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
572 for the base of the repository.
575 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
576 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
577 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
578 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
579 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
581 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
582 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
583 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
584 up into while looking for a repository directory.
585 It will not exclude the current working directory or
586 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
587 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
589 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
590 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
591 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
592 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
593 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
594 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
595 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
596 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
604 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
605 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
606 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
608 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
613 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
614 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
615 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
616 value passed on the git diff command line.
618 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
619 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
620 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
621 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
622 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
624 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
628 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
629 contents of <old|new>,
630 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
631 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
633 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
634 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
635 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
636 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
637 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
639 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
644 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
645 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
646 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
647 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
650 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
651 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
652 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
653 linkgit:git-config[1].
656 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
657 and 'git push' will use this command instead
658 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
659 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
660 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
661 shell command to execute on that remote system.
663 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
664 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
665 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
667 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
668 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
672 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
673 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
674 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
675 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
676 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
679 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
680 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
681 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
682 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
683 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
684 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
685 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
686 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
689 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
690 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
691 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
692 execution and external command execution.
693 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
694 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
695 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
696 trace messages into this file descriptor.
697 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
698 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
699 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
702 Discussion[[Discussion]]
703 ------------------------
705 More detail on the following is available from the
706 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
707 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
709 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
710 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
711 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
712 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
713 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
714 as tags and branch heads.
716 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
717 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
718 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
719 and some number of parent commits.
721 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
722 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
723 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
724 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
726 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
727 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
728 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
729 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
732 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
733 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
735 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
736 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
737 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
738 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
739 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
740 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
742 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
743 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
744 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
745 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
746 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
747 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
748 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
749 content stored in the index.
751 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
752 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
753 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
757 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
758 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
759 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
760 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
761 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
762 the authors for specific parts of the project.
767 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
768 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
769 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
773 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
774 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
775 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
776 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
777 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
781 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite