6 git-send-email - Send a collection of patches as emails
12 'git send-email' [<options>] <file|directory|rev-list options>...
13 'git send-email' --dump-aliases
18 Takes the patches given on the command line and emails them out.
19 Patches can be specified as files, directories (which will send all
20 files in the directory), or directly as a revision list. In the
21 last case, any format accepted by linkgit:git-format-patch[1] can
22 be passed to git send-email.
24 The header of the email is configurable via command-line options. If not
25 specified on the command line, the user will be prompted with a ReadLine
26 enabled interface to provide the necessary information.
28 There are two formats accepted for patch files:
32 This is what linkgit:git-format-patch[1] generates. Most headers and MIME
33 formatting are ignored.
35 2. The original format used by Greg Kroah-Hartman's 'send_lots_of_email.pl'
38 This format expects the first line of the file to contain the "Cc:" value
39 and the "Subject:" of the message as the second line.
49 Review and edit each patch you're about to send. Default is the value
50 of `sendemail.annotate`. See the CONFIGURATION section for
51 `sendemail.multiEdit`.
54 Specify a "Bcc:" value for each email. Default is the value of
57 This option may be specified multiple times.
60 Specify a starting "Cc:" value for each email.
61 Default is the value of `sendemail.cc`.
63 This option may be specified multiple times.
66 Invoke a text editor (see GIT_EDITOR in linkgit:git-var[1])
67 to edit an introductory message for the patch series.
69 When `--compose` is used, git send-email will use the From, Subject, and
70 In-Reply-To headers specified in the message. If the body of the message
71 (what you type after the headers and a blank line) only contains blank
72 (or Git: prefixed) lines, the summary won't be sent, but From, Subject,
73 and In-Reply-To headers will be used unless they are removed.
75 Missing From or In-Reply-To headers will be prompted for.
77 See the CONFIGURATION section for `sendemail.multiEdit`.
80 Specify the sender of the emails. If not specified on the command line,
81 the value of the `sendemail.from` configuration option is used. If
82 neither the command-line option nor `sendemail.from` are set, then the
83 user will be prompted for the value. The default for the prompt will be
84 the value of GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT, or GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT if that is not
85 set, as returned by "git var -l".
87 --reply-to=<address>::
88 Specify the address where replies from recipients should go to.
89 Use this if replies to messages should go to another address than what
90 is specified with the --from parameter.
92 --in-reply-to=<identifier>::
93 Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a
94 reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to
95 provide a new patch series.
96 The second and subsequent emails will be sent as replies according to
97 the `--[no-]chain-reply-to` setting.
99 So for example when `--thread` and `--no-chain-reply-to` are specified, the
100 second and subsequent patches will be replies to the first one like in the
101 illustration below where `[PATCH v2 0/3]` is in reply to `[PATCH 0/2]`:
103 [PATCH 0/2] Here is what I did...
104 [PATCH 1/2] Clean up and tests
105 [PATCH 2/2] Implementation
106 [PATCH v2 0/3] Here is a reroll
107 [PATCH v2 1/3] Clean up
108 [PATCH v2 2/3] New tests
109 [PATCH v2 3/3] Implementation
111 Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose
112 is not set, this will be prompted for.
115 Specify the initial subject of the email thread.
116 Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose
117 is not set, this will be prompted for.
120 Specify the primary recipient of the emails generated. Generally, this
121 will be the upstream maintainer of the project involved. Default is the
122 value of the `sendemail.to` configuration value; if that is unspecified,
123 and --to-cmd is not specified, this will be prompted for.
125 This option may be specified multiple times.
127 --8bit-encoding=<encoding>::
128 When encountering a non-ASCII message or subject that does not
129 declare its encoding, add headers/quoting to indicate it is
130 encoded in <encoding>. Default is the value of the
131 'sendemail.assume8bitEncoding'; if that is unspecified, this
132 will be prompted for if any non-ASCII files are encountered.
134 Note that no attempts whatsoever are made to validate the encoding.
136 --compose-encoding=<encoding>::
137 Specify encoding of compose message. Default is the value of the
138 'sendemail.composeencoding'; if that is unspecified, UTF-8 is assumed.
140 --transfer-encoding=(7bit|8bit|quoted-printable|base64|auto)::
141 Specify the transfer encoding to be used to send the message over SMTP.
142 7bit will fail upon encountering a non-ASCII message. quoted-printable
143 can be useful when the repository contains files that contain carriage
144 returns, but makes the raw patch email file (as saved from a MUA) much
145 harder to inspect manually. base64 is even more fool proof, but also
146 even more opaque. auto will use 8bit when possible, and quoted-printable
149 Default is the value of the `sendemail.transferEncoding` configuration
150 value; if that is unspecified, default to `auto`.
154 Add (or prevent adding) the "X-Mailer:" header. By default,
155 the header is added, but it can be turned off by setting the
156 `sendemail.xmailer` configuration variable to `false`.
161 --envelope-sender=<address>::
162 Specify the envelope sender used to send the emails.
163 This is useful if your default address is not the address that is
164 subscribed to a list. In order to use the 'From' address, set the
165 value to "auto". If you use the sendmail binary, you must have
166 suitable privileges for the -f parameter. Default is the value of the
167 `sendemail.envelopeSender` configuration variable; if that is
168 unspecified, choosing the envelope sender is left to your MTA.
170 --smtp-encryption=<encryption>::
171 Specify the encryption to use, either 'ssl' or 'tls'. Any other
172 value reverts to plain SMTP. Default is the value of
173 `sendemail.smtpEncryption`.
175 --smtp-domain=<FQDN>::
176 Specifies the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) used in the
177 HELO/EHLO command to the SMTP server. Some servers require the
178 FQDN to match your IP address. If not set, git send-email attempts
179 to determine your FQDN automatically. Default is the value of
180 `sendemail.smtpDomain`.
182 --smtp-auth=<mechanisms>::
183 Whitespace-separated list of allowed SMTP-AUTH mechanisms. This setting
184 forces using only the listed mechanisms. Example:
187 $ git send-email --smtp-auth="PLAIN LOGIN GSSAPI" ...
190 If at least one of the specified mechanisms matches the ones advertised by the
191 SMTP server and if it is supported by the utilized SASL library, the mechanism
192 is used for authentication. If neither 'sendemail.smtpAuth' nor `--smtp-auth`
193 is specified, all mechanisms supported by the SASL library can be used. The
194 special value 'none' maybe specified to completely disable authentication
195 independently of `--smtp-user`
197 --smtp-pass[=<password>]::
198 Password for SMTP-AUTH. The argument is optional: If no
199 argument is specified, then the empty string is used as
200 the password. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpPass`,
201 however `--smtp-pass` always overrides this value.
203 Furthermore, passwords need not be specified in configuration files
204 or on the command line. If a username has been specified (with
205 `--smtp-user` or a `sendemail.smtpUser`), but no password has been
206 specified (with `--smtp-pass` or `sendemail.smtpPass`), then
207 a password is obtained using 'git-credential'.
210 Disable SMTP authentication. Short hand for `--smtp-auth=none`
212 --smtp-server=<host>::
213 If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server to use (e.g.
214 `smtp.example.com` or a raw IP address). Alternatively it can
215 specify a full pathname of a sendmail-like program instead;
216 the program must support the `-i` option. Default value can
217 be specified by the `sendemail.smtpServer` configuration
218 option; the built-in default is to search for `sendmail` in
219 `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/lib` and $PATH if such program is
220 available, falling back to `localhost` otherwise.
222 --smtp-server-port=<port>::
223 Specifies a port different from the default port (SMTP
224 servers typically listen to smtp port 25, but may also listen to
225 submission port 587, or the common SSL smtp port 465);
226 symbolic port names (e.g. "submission" instead of 587)
227 are also accepted. The port can also be set with the
228 `sendemail.smtpServerPort` configuration variable.
230 --smtp-server-option=<option>::
231 If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server option to use.
232 Default value can be specified by the `sendemail.smtpServerOption`
233 configuration option.
235 The --smtp-server-option option must be repeated for each option you want
236 to pass to the server. Likewise, different lines in the configuration files
237 must be used for each option.
240 Legacy alias for '--smtp-encryption ssl'.
242 --smtp-ssl-cert-path::
243 Path to a store of trusted CA certificates for SMTP SSL/TLS
244 certificate validation (either a directory that has been processed
245 by 'c_rehash', or a single file containing one or more PEM format
246 certificates concatenated together: see verify(1) -CAfile and
247 -CApath for more information on these). Set it to an empty string
248 to disable certificate verification. Defaults to the value of the
249 `sendemail.smtpsslcertpath` configuration variable, if set, or the
250 backing SSL library's compiled-in default otherwise (which should
251 be the best choice on most platforms).
254 Username for SMTP-AUTH. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpUser`;
255 if a username is not specified (with `--smtp-user` or `sendemail.smtpUser`),
256 then authentication is not attempted.
259 Enable (1) or disable (0) debug output. If enabled, SMTP
260 commands and replies will be printed. Useful to debug TLS
261 connection and authentication problems.
264 Some email servers (e.g. smtp.163.com) limit the number emails to be
265 sent per session (connection) and this will lead to a failure when
266 sending many messages. With this option, send-email will disconnect after
267 sending $<num> messages and wait for a few seconds (see --relogin-delay)
268 and reconnect, to work around such a limit. You may want to
269 use some form of credential helper to avoid having to retype
270 your password every time this happens. Defaults to the
271 `sendemail.smtpBatchSize` configuration variable.
273 --relogin-delay=<int>::
274 Waiting $<int> seconds before reconnecting to SMTP server. Used together
275 with --batch-size option. Defaults to the `sendemail.smtpReloginDelay`
276 configuration variable.
282 Clears any list of "To:", "Cc:", "Bcc:" addresses previously
286 Clears the previously read value of `sendemail.identity` set
290 Specify a command to execute once per patch file which
291 should generate patch file specific "To:" entries.
292 Output of this command must be single email address per line.
293 Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocmd' configuration value.
296 Specify a command to execute once per patch file which
297 should generate patch file specific "Cc:" entries.
298 Output of this command must be single email address per line.
299 Default is the value of `sendemail.ccCmd` configuration value.
301 --[no-]chain-reply-to::
302 If this is set, each email will be sent as a reply to the previous
303 email sent. If disabled with "--no-chain-reply-to", all emails after
304 the first will be sent as replies to the first email sent. When using
305 this, it is recommended that the first file given be an overview of the
306 entire patch series. Disabled by default, but the `sendemail.chainReplyTo`
307 configuration variable can be used to enable it.
309 --identity=<identity>::
310 A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the
311 'sendemail.<identity>' subsection to take precedence over
312 values in the 'sendemail' section. The default identity is
313 the value of `sendemail.identity`.
315 --[no-]signed-off-by-cc::
316 If this is set, add emails found in the `Signed-off-by` trailer or Cc: lines to the
317 cc list. Default is the value of `sendemail.signedoffbycc` configuration
318 value; if that is unspecified, default to --signed-off-by-cc.
321 If this is set, emails found in Cc: headers in the first patch of
322 the series (typically the cover letter) are added to the cc list
323 for each email set. Default is the value of 'sendemail.cccover'
324 configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-cc-cover.
327 If this is set, emails found in To: headers in the first patch of
328 the series (typically the cover letter) are added to the to list
329 for each email set. Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocover'
330 configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-to-cover.
332 --suppress-cc=<category>::
333 Specify an additional category of recipients to suppress the
337 - 'author' will avoid including the patch author.
338 - 'self' will avoid including the sender.
339 - 'cc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the patch header
340 except for self (use 'self' for that).
341 - 'bodycc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the
342 patch body (commit message) except for self (use 'self' for that).
343 - 'sob' will avoid including anyone mentioned in the Signed-off-by trailers except
344 for self (use 'self' for that).
345 - 'misc-by' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Acked-by,
346 Reviewed-by, Tested-by and other "-by" lines in the patch body,
347 except Signed-off-by (use 'sob' for that).
348 - 'cccmd' will avoid running the --cc-cmd.
349 - 'body' is equivalent to 'sob' + 'bodycc' + 'misc-by'.
350 - 'all' will suppress all auto cc values.
353 Default is the value of `sendemail.suppresscc` configuration value; if
354 that is unspecified, default to 'self' if --suppress-from is
355 specified, as well as 'body' if --no-signed-off-cc is specified.
357 --[no-]suppress-from::
358 If this is set, do not add the From: address to the cc: list.
359 Default is the value of `sendemail.suppressFrom` configuration
360 value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-suppress-from.
363 If this is set, the In-Reply-To and References headers will be
364 added to each email sent. Whether each mail refers to the
365 previous email (`deep` threading per 'git format-patch'
366 wording) or to the first email (`shallow` threading) is
367 governed by "--[no-]chain-reply-to".
369 If disabled with "--no-thread", those headers will not be added
370 (unless specified with --in-reply-to). Default is the value of the
371 `sendemail.thread` configuration value; if that is unspecified,
374 It is up to the user to ensure that no In-Reply-To header already
375 exists when 'git send-email' is asked to add it (especially note that
376 'git format-patch' can be configured to do the threading itself).
377 Failure to do so may not produce the expected result in the
385 Confirm just before sending:
388 - 'always' will always confirm before sending
389 - 'never' will never confirm before sending
390 - 'cc' will confirm before sending when send-email has automatically
391 added addresses from the patch to the Cc list
392 - 'compose' will confirm before sending the first message when using --compose.
393 - 'auto' is equivalent to 'cc' + 'compose'
396 Default is the value of `sendemail.confirm` configuration value; if that
397 is unspecified, default to 'auto' unless any of the suppress options
398 have been specified, in which case default to 'compose'.
401 Do everything except actually send the emails.
403 --[no-]format-patch::
404 When an argument may be understood either as a reference or as a file name,
405 choose to understand it as a format-patch argument (`--format-patch`)
406 or as a file name (`--no-format-patch`). By default, when such a conflict
407 occurs, git send-email will fail.
410 Make git-send-email less verbose. One line per email should be
414 Perform sanity checks on patches.
415 Currently, validation means the following:
418 * Invoke the sendemail-validate hook if present (see linkgit:githooks[5]).
419 * Warn of patches that contain lines longer than
420 998 characters unless a suitable transfer encoding
421 ('auto', 'base64', or 'quoted-printable') is used;
422 this is due to SMTP limits as described by
423 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5322.txt.
426 Default is the value of `sendemail.validate`; if this is not set,
427 default to `--validate`.
430 Send emails even if safety checks would prevent it.
437 Instead of the normal operation, dump the shorthand alias names from
438 the configured alias file(s), one per line in alphabetical order. Note,
439 this only includes the alias name and not its expanded email addresses.
440 See 'sendemail.aliasesfile' for more information about aliases.
446 sendemail.aliasesFile::
447 To avoid typing long email addresses, point this to one or more
448 email aliases files. You must also supply `sendemail.aliasFileType`.
450 sendemail.aliasFileType::
451 Format of the file(s) specified in sendemail.aliasesFile. Must be
452 one of 'mutt', 'mailrc', 'pine', 'elm', or 'gnus', or 'sendmail'.
454 What an alias file in each format looks like can be found in
455 the documentation of the email program of the same name. The
456 differences and limitations from the standard formats are
461 * Quoted aliases and quoted addresses are not supported: lines that
462 contain a `"` symbol are ignored.
463 * Redirection to a file (`/path/name`) or pipe (`|command`) is not
465 * File inclusion (`:include: /path/name`) is not supported.
466 * Warnings are printed on the standard error output for any
467 explicitly unsupported constructs, and any other lines that are not
468 recognized by the parser.
471 sendemail.multiEdit::
472 If true (default), a single editor instance will be spawned to edit
473 files you have to edit (patches when `--annotate` is used, and the
474 summary when `--compose` is used). If false, files will be edited one
475 after the other, spawning a new editor each time.
478 Sets the default for whether to confirm before sending. Must be
479 one of 'always', 'never', 'cc', 'compose', or 'auto'. See `--confirm`
480 in the previous section for the meaning of these values.
484 Use gmail as the smtp server
485 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
486 To use 'git send-email' to send your patches through the GMail SMTP server,
487 edit ~/.gitconfig to specify your account settings:
492 smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com
493 smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com
497 If you have multifactor authentication setup on your gmail account, you will
498 need to generate an app-specific password for use with 'git send-email'. Visit
499 https://security.google.com/settings/security/apppasswords to create it.
501 Once your commits are ready to be sent to the mailing list, run the
504 $ git format-patch --cover-letter -M origin/master -o outgoing/
505 $ edit outgoing/0000-*
506 $ git send-email outgoing/*
508 The first time you run it, you will be prompted for your credentials. Enter the
509 app-specific or your regular password as appropriate. If you have credential
510 helper configured (see linkgit:git-credential[1]), the password will be saved in
511 the credential store so you won't have to type it the next time.
513 Note: the following core Perl modules that may be installed with your
514 distribution of Perl are required:
515 MIME::Base64, MIME::QuotedPrint, Net::Domain and Net::SMTP.
516 These additional Perl modules are also required:
517 Authen::SASL and Mail::Address.
522 linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-imap-send[1], mbox(5)
526 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite