6 gitcredentials - Providing usernames and passwords to Git
11 git config credential.https://example.com.username myusername
12 git config credential.helper "$helper $options"
18 Git will sometimes need credentials from the user in order to perform
19 operations; for example, it may need to ask for a username and password
20 in order to access a remote repository over HTTP. Some remotes accept
21 a personal access token or OAuth access token as a password. This
22 manual describes the mechanisms Git uses to request these credentials,
23 as well as some features to avoid inputting these credentials repeatedly.
25 REQUESTING CREDENTIALS
26 ----------------------
28 Without any credential helpers defined, Git will try the following
29 strategies to ask the user for usernames and passwords:
31 1. If the `GIT_ASKPASS` environment variable is set, the program
32 specified by the variable is invoked. A suitable prompt is provided
33 to the program on the command line, and the user's input is read
34 from its standard output.
36 2. Otherwise, if the `core.askPass` configuration variable is set, its
37 value is used as above.
39 3. Otherwise, if the `SSH_ASKPASS` environment variable is set, its
40 value is used as above.
42 4. Otherwise, the user is prompted on the terminal.
47 It can be cumbersome to input the same credentials over and over. Git
48 provides two methods to reduce this annoyance:
50 1. Static configuration of usernames for a given authentication context.
52 2. Credential helpers to cache or store passwords, or to interact with
53 a system password wallet or keychain.
55 The first is simple and appropriate if you do not have secure storage available
56 for a password. It is generally configured by adding this to your config:
58 ---------------------------------------
59 [credential "https://example.com"]
61 ---------------------------------------
63 Credential helpers, on the other hand, are external programs from which Git can
64 request both usernames and passwords; they typically interface with secure
65 storage provided by the OS or other programs. Alternatively, a
66 credential-generating helper might generate credentials for certain servers via
69 To use a helper, you must first select one to use. Git currently
70 includes the following helpers:
74 Cache credentials in memory for a short period of time. See
75 linkgit:git-credential-cache[1] for details.
79 Store credentials indefinitely on disk. See
80 linkgit:git-credential-store[1] for details.
82 You may also have third-party helpers installed; search for
83 `credential-*` in the output of `git help -a`, and consult the
84 documentation of individual helpers. Once you have selected a helper,
85 you can tell Git to use it by putting its name into the
86 credential.helper variable.
90 -------------------------------------------
91 $ git help -a | grep credential-
93 -------------------------------------------
95 2. Read its description.
97 -------------------------------------------
98 $ git help credential-foo
99 -------------------------------------------
101 3. Tell Git to use it.
103 -------------------------------------------
104 $ git config --global credential.helper foo
105 -------------------------------------------
107 === Available helpers
109 The community maintains a comprehensive list of Git credential helpers at
110 https://git-scm.com/doc/credential-helpers.
114 An alternative to inputting passwords or personal access tokens is to use an
115 OAuth credential helper. Initial authentication opens a browser window to the
116 host. Subsequent authentication happens in the background. Many popular Git
122 Git considers each credential to have a context defined by a URL. This context
123 is used to look up context-specific configuration, and is passed to any
124 helpers, which may use it as an index into secure storage.
126 For instance, imagine we are accessing `https://example.com/foo.git`. When Git
127 looks into a config file to see if a section matches this context, it will
128 consider the two a match if the context is a more-specific subset of the
129 pattern in the config file. For example, if you have this in your config file:
131 --------------------------------------
132 [credential "https://example.com"]
134 --------------------------------------
136 then we will match: both protocols are the same, both hosts are the same, and
137 the "pattern" URL does not care about the path component at all. However, this
138 context would not match:
140 --------------------------------------
141 [credential "https://kernel.org"]
143 --------------------------------------
145 because the hostnames differ. Nor would it match `foo.example.com`; Git
146 compares hostnames exactly, without considering whether two hosts are part of
147 the same domain. Likewise, a config entry for `http://example.com` would not
148 match: Git compares the protocols exactly. However, you may use wildcards in
149 the domain name and other pattern matching techniques as with the `http.<URL>.*`
152 If the "pattern" URL does include a path component, then this too must match
153 exactly: the context `https://example.com/bar/baz.git` will match a config
154 entry for `https://example.com/bar/baz.git` (in addition to matching the config
155 entry for `https://example.com`) but will not match a config entry for
156 `https://example.com/bar`.
159 CONFIGURATION OPTIONS
160 ---------------------
162 Options for a credential context can be configured either in
163 `credential.*` (which applies to all credentials), or
164 `credential.<URL>.*`, where <URL> matches the context as described
167 The following options are available in either location:
171 The name of an external credential helper, and any associated options.
172 If the helper name is not an absolute path, then the string `git
173 credential-` is prepended. The resulting string is executed by the
174 shell (so, for example, setting this to `foo --option=bar` will execute
175 `git credential-foo --option=bar` via the shell. See the manual of
176 specific helpers for examples of their use.
178 If there are multiple instances of the `credential.helper` configuration
179 variable, each helper will be tried in turn, and may provide a username,
180 password, or nothing. Once Git has acquired both a username and a
181 non-expired password, no more helpers will be tried.
183 If `credential.helper` is configured to the empty string, this resets
184 the helper list to empty (so you may override a helper set by a
185 lower-priority config file by configuring the empty-string helper,
186 followed by whatever set of helpers you would like).
190 A default username, if one is not provided in the URL.
194 By default, Git does not consider the "path" component of an http URL
195 to be worth matching via external helpers. This means that a credential
196 stored for `https://example.com/foo.git` will also be used for
197 `https://example.com/bar.git`. If you do want to distinguish these
198 cases, set this option to `true`.
204 You can write your own custom helpers to interface with any system in
205 which you keep credentials.
207 Credential helpers are programs executed by Git to fetch or save
208 credentials from and to long-term storage (where "long-term" is simply
209 longer than a single Git process; e.g., credentials may be stored
210 in-memory for a few minutes, or indefinitely on disk).
212 Each helper is specified by a single string in the configuration
213 variable `credential.helper` (and others, see linkgit:git-config[1]).
214 The string is transformed by Git into a command to be executed using
217 1. If the helper string begins with "!", it is considered a shell
218 snippet, and everything after the "!" becomes the command.
220 2. Otherwise, if the helper string begins with an absolute path, the
221 verbatim helper string becomes the command.
223 3. Otherwise, the string "git credential-" is prepended to the helper
224 string, and the result becomes the command.
226 The resulting command then has an "operation" argument appended to it
227 (see below for details), and the result is executed by the shell.
229 Here are some example specifications:
231 ----------------------------------------------------
232 # run "git credential-foo"
236 # same as above, but pass an argument to the helper
238 helper = "foo --bar=baz"
240 # the arguments are parsed by the shell, so use shell
241 # quoting if necessary
243 helper = "foo --bar='whitespace arg'"
245 # you can also use an absolute path, which will not use the git wrapper
247 helper = "/path/to/my/helper --with-arguments"
249 # or you can specify your own shell snippet
250 [credential "https://example.com"]
252 helper = "!f() { test \"$1\" = get && echo \"password=$(cat $HOME/.secret)\"; }; f"
253 ----------------------------------------------------
255 Generally speaking, rule (3) above is the simplest for users to specify.
256 Authors of credential helpers should make an effort to assist their
257 users by naming their program "git-credential-$NAME", and putting it in
258 the `$PATH` or `$GIT_EXEC_PATH` during installation, which will allow a
259 user to enable it with `git config credential.helper $NAME`.
261 When a helper is executed, it will have one "operation" argument
262 appended to its command line, which is one of:
266 Return a matching credential, if any exists.
270 Store the credential, if applicable to the helper.
274 Remove matching credentials, if any, from the helper's storage.
276 The details of the credential will be provided on the helper's stdin
277 stream. The exact format is the same as the input/output format of the
278 `git credential` plumbing command (see the section `INPUT/OUTPUT
279 FORMAT` in linkgit:git-credential[1] for a detailed specification).
281 For a `get` operation, the helper should produce a list of attributes on
282 stdout in the same format (see linkgit:git-credential[1] for common
283 attributes). A helper is free to produce a subset, or even no values at
284 all if it has nothing useful to provide. Any provided attributes will
285 overwrite those already known about by Git's credential subsystem.
286 Unrecognised attributes are silently discarded.
288 While it is possible to override all attributes, well behaving helpers
289 should refrain from doing so for any attribute other than username and
292 If a helper outputs a `quit` attribute with a value of `true` or `1`,
293 no further helpers will be consulted, nor will the user be prompted
294 (if no credential has been provided, the operation will then fail).
296 Similarly, no more helpers will be consulted once both username and
297 password had been provided.
299 For a `store` or `erase` operation, the helper's output is ignored.
301 If a helper fails to perform the requested operation or needs to notify
302 the user of a potential issue, it may write to stderr.
304 If it does not support the requested operation (e.g., a read-only store
305 or generator), it should silently ignore the request.
307 If a helper receives any other operation, it should silently ignore the
308 request. This leaves room for future operations to be added (older
309 helpers will just ignore the new requests).
313 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite