1 HTTP transfer protocols
2 =======================
4 Git supports two HTTP based transfer protocols. A "dumb" protocol
5 which requires only a standard HTTP server on the server end of the
6 connection, and a "smart" protocol which requires a Git aware CGI
7 (or server module). This document describes both protocols.
9 As a design feature smart clients can automatically upgrade "dumb"
10 protocol URLs to smart URLs. This permits all users to have the
11 same published URL, and the peers automatically select the most
12 efficient transport available to them.
18 URLs for Git repositories accessed by HTTP use the standard HTTP
19 URL syntax documented by RFC 1738, so they are of the form:
21 http://<host>:<port>/<path>?<searchpart>
23 Within this documentation the placeholder $GIT_URL will stand for
24 the http:// repository URL entered by the end-user.
26 Servers SHOULD handle all requests to locations matching $GIT_URL, as
27 both the "smart" and "dumb" HTTP protocols used by Git operate
28 by appending additional path components onto the end of the user
29 supplied $GIT_URL string.
31 An example of a dumb client requesting for a loose object:
33 $GIT_URL: http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git
34 URL request: http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git/objects/d0/49f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355
36 An example of a smart request to a catch-all gateway:
38 $GIT_URL: http://example.com/daemon.cgi?svc=git&q=
39 URL request: http://example.com/daemon.cgi?svc=git&q=/info/refs&service=git-receive-pack
41 An example of a request to a submodule:
43 $GIT_URL: http://example.com/git/repo.git/path/submodule.git
44 URL request: http://example.com/git/repo.git/path/submodule.git/info/refs
46 Clients MUST strip a trailing '/', if present, from the user supplied
47 $GIT_URL string to prevent empty path tokens ('//') from appearing
48 in any URL sent to a server. Compatible clients MUST expand
49 '$GIT_URL/info/refs' as 'foo/info/refs' and not 'foo//info/refs'.
55 Standard HTTP authentication is used if authentication is required
56 to access a repository, and MAY be configured and enforced by the
59 Because Git repositories are accessed by standard path components
60 server administrators MAY use directory based permissions within
61 their HTTP server to control repository access.
63 Clients SHOULD support Basic authentication as described by RFC 2616.
64 Servers SHOULD support Basic authentication by relying upon the
65 HTTP server placed in front of the Git server software.
67 Servers SHOULD NOT require HTTP cookies for the purposes of
68 authentication or access control.
70 Clients and servers MAY support other common forms of HTTP based
71 authentication, such as Digest authentication.
77 Clients and servers SHOULD support SSL, particularly to protect
78 passwords when relying on Basic HTTP authentication.
84 The Git over HTTP protocol (much like HTTP itself) is stateless
85 from the perspective of the HTTP server side. All state MUST be
86 retained and managed by the client process. This permits simple
87 round-robin load-balancing on the server side, without needing to
88 worry about state management.
90 Clients MUST NOT require state management on the server side in
91 order to function correctly.
93 Servers MUST NOT require HTTP cookies in order to function correctly.
94 Clients MAY store and forward HTTP cookies during request processing
95 as described by RFC 2616 (HTTP/1.1). Servers SHOULD ignore any
96 cookies sent by a client.
99 General Request Processing
100 --------------------------
102 Except where noted, all standard HTTP behavior SHOULD be assumed
103 by both client and server. This includes (but is not necessarily
106 If there is no repository at $GIT_URL, or the resource pointed to by a
107 location matching $GIT_URL does not exist, the server MUST NOT respond
108 with '200 OK' response. A server SHOULD respond with
109 '404 Not Found', '410 Gone', or any other suitable HTTP status code
110 which does not imply the resource exists as requested.
112 If there is a repository at $GIT_URL, but access is not currently
113 permitted, the server MUST respond with the '403 Forbidden' HTTP
116 Servers SHOULD support both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1.
117 Servers SHOULD support chunked encoding for both request and response
120 Clients SHOULD support both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1.
121 Clients SHOULD support chunked encoding for both request and response
124 Servers MAY return ETag and/or Last-Modified headers.
126 Clients MAY revalidate cached entities by including If-Modified-Since
127 and/or If-None-Match request headers.
129 Servers MAY return '304 Not Modified' if the relevant headers appear
130 in the request and the entity has not changed. Clients MUST treat
131 '304 Not Modified' identical to '200 OK' by reusing the cached entity.
133 Clients MAY reuse a cached entity without revalidation if the
134 Cache-Control and/or Expires header permits caching. Clients and
135 servers MUST follow RFC 2616 for cache controls.
138 Discovering References
139 ----------------------
141 All HTTP clients MUST begin either a fetch or a push exchange by
142 discovering the references available on the remote repository.
147 HTTP clients that only support the "dumb" protocol MUST discover
148 references by making a request for the special info/refs file of
151 Dumb HTTP clients MUST make a GET request to $GIT_URL/info/refs,
152 without any search/query parameters.
154 C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs HTTP/1.0
158 S: 95dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint
159 S: d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master
160 S: 2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0
161 S: a3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}
163 The Content-Type of the returned info/refs entity SHOULD be
164 "text/plain; charset=utf-8", but MAY be any content type.
165 Clients MUST NOT attempt to validate the returned Content-Type.
166 Dumb servers MUST NOT return a return type starting with
167 "application/x-git-".
169 Cache-Control headers MAY be returned to disable caching of the
172 When examining the response clients SHOULD only examine the HTTP
173 status code. Valid responses are '200 OK', or '304 Not Modified'.
175 The returned content is a UNIX formatted text file describing
176 each ref and its known value. The file SHOULD be sorted by name
177 according to the C locale ordering. The file SHOULD NOT include
178 the default ref named 'HEAD'.
180 info_refs = *( ref_record )
181 ref_record = any_ref / peeled_ref
183 any_ref = obj-id HTAB refname LF
184 peeled_ref = obj-id HTAB refname LF
185 obj-id HTAB refname "^{}" LF
190 HTTP clients that support the "smart" protocol (or both the
191 "smart" and "dumb" protocols) MUST discover references by making
192 a parameterized request for the info/refs file of the repository.
194 The request MUST contain exactly one query parameter,
195 'service=$servicename', where $servicename MUST be the service
196 name the client wishes to contact to complete the operation.
197 The request MUST NOT contain additional query parameters.
199 C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0
204 S: 95dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint
205 S: d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master
206 S: 2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0
207 S: a3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}
211 S: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-advertisement
212 S: Cache-Control: no-cache
214 S: 001e# service=git-upload-pack\n
215 S: 004895dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint\0multi_ack\n
216 S: 0042d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master\n
217 S: 003c2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0\n
218 S: 003fa3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}\n
222 Dumb servers MUST respond with the dumb server reply format.
224 See the prior section under dumb clients for a more detailed
225 description of the dumb server response.
227 Smart Server Response
228 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
229 If the server does not recognize the requested service name, or the
230 requested service name has been disabled by the server administrator,
231 the server MUST respond with the '403 Forbidden' HTTP status code.
233 Otherwise, smart servers MUST respond with the smart server reply
234 format for the requested service name.
236 Cache-Control headers SHOULD be used to disable caching of the
239 The Content-Type MUST be 'application/x-$servicename-advertisement'.
240 Clients SHOULD fall back to the dumb protocol if another content
241 type is returned. When falling back to the dumb protocol clients
242 SHOULD NOT make an additional request to $GIT_URL/info/refs, but
243 instead SHOULD use the response already in hand. Clients MUST NOT
244 continue if they do not support the dumb protocol.
246 Clients MUST validate the status code is either '200 OK' or
249 Clients MUST validate the first five bytes of the response entity
250 matches the regex "^[0-9a-f]{4}#". If this test fails, clients
253 Clients MUST parse the entire response as a sequence of pkt-line
256 Clients MUST verify the first pkt-line is "# service=$servicename".
257 Servers MUST set $servicename to be the request parameter value.
258 Servers SHOULD include an LF at the end of this line.
259 Clients MUST ignore an LF at the end of the line.
261 Servers MUST terminate the response with the magic "0000" end
264 The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and
265 its known value. The stream SHOULD be sorted by name according to
266 the C locale ordering. The stream SHOULD include the default ref
267 named 'HEAD' as the first ref. The stream MUST include capability
268 declarations behind a NUL on the first ref.
270 smart_reply = PKT-LINE("# service=$servicename" LF)
273 ref_list = empty_list / non_empty_list
275 empty_list = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" NUL cap-list LF)
277 non_empty_list = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name NUL cap_list LF)
280 cap-list = capability *(SP capability)
281 capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_")
284 ref_record = any_ref / peeled_ref
285 any_ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name LF)
286 peeled_ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name LF)
287 PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name "^{}" LF
289 Smart Service git-upload-pack
290 ------------------------------
291 This service reads from the repository pointed to by $GIT_URL.
293 Clients MUST first perform ref discovery with
294 '$GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack'.
296 C: POST $GIT_URL/git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0
297 C: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-request
299 C: 0032want 0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7\n
300 C: 0032have 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993\n
304 S: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-result
305 S: Cache-Control: no-cache
307 S: ....ACK %s, continue
310 Clients MUST NOT reuse or revalidate a cached reponse.
311 Servers MUST include sufficient Cache-Control headers
312 to prevent caching of the response.
314 Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined here.
316 Clients MUST send at least one 'want' command in the request body.
317 Clients MUST NOT reference an id in a 'want' command which did not
318 appear in the response obtained through ref discovery unless the
319 server advertises capability "allow-tip-sha1-in-want".
321 compute_request = want_list
324 request_end = "0000" / "done"
326 want_list = PKT-LINE(want NUL cap_list LF)
328 want_pkt = PKT-LINE(want LF)
330 cap_list = *(SP capability) SP
332 have_list = *PKT-LINE("have" SP id LF)
334 TODO: Document this further.
335 TODO: Don't use uppercase for variable names below.
337 The Negotiation Algorithm
338 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
339 The computation to select the minimal pack proceeds as follows
340 (c = client, s = server):
343 (c) Use ref discovery to obtain the advertised refs.
344 (c) Place any object seen into set ADVERTISED.
346 (c) Build an empty set, COMMON, to hold the objects that are later
347 determined to be on both ends.
348 (c) Build a set, WANT, of the objects from ADVERTISED the client
349 wants to fetch, based on what it saw during ref discovery.
351 (c) Start a queue, C_PENDING, ordered by commit time (popping newest
352 first). Add all client refs. When a commit is popped from
353 the queue its parents SHOULD be automatically inserted back.
354 Commits MUST only enter the queue once.
357 (c) Send one $GIT_URL/git-upload-pack request:
359 C: 0032want <WANT #1>...............................
360 C: 0032want <WANT #2>...............................
362 C: 0032have <COMMON #1>.............................
363 C: 0032have <COMMON #2>.............................
365 C: 0032have <HAVE #1>...............................
366 C: 0032have <HAVE #2>...............................
370 The stream is organized into "commands", with each command
371 appearing by itself in a pkt-line. Within a command line
372 the text leading up to the first space is the command name,
373 and the remainder of the line to the first LF is the value.
374 Command lines are terminated with an LF as the last byte of
377 Commands MUST appear in the following order, if they appear
378 at all in the request stream:
383 The stream is terminated by a pkt-line flush ("0000").
385 A single "want" or "have" command MUST have one hex formatted
386 SHA-1 as its value. Multiple SHA-1s MUST be sent by sending
389 The HAVE list is created by popping the first 32 commits
390 from C_PENDING. Less can be supplied if C_PENDING empties.
392 If the client has sent 256 HAVE commits and has not yet
393 received one of those back from S_COMMON, or the client has
394 emptied C_PENDING it SHOULD include a "done" command to let
395 the server know it won't proceed:
399 (s) Parse the git-upload-pack request:
401 Verify all objects in WANT are directly reachable from refs.
403 The server MAY walk backwards through history or through
404 the reflog to permit slightly stale requests.
406 If no WANT objects are received, send an error:
408 TODO: Define error if no want lines are requested.
410 If any WANT object is not reachable, send an error:
412 TODO: Define error if an invalid want is requested.
414 Create an empty list, S_COMMON.
418 Loop through the objects in the order supplied by the client.
419 For each object, if the server has the object reachable from
420 a ref, add it to S_COMMON. If a commit is added to S_COMMON,
421 do not add any ancestors, even if they also appear in HAVE.
423 (s) Send the git-upload-pack response:
425 If the server has found a closed set of objects to pack or the
426 request ends with "done", it replies with the pack.
428 TODO: Document the pack based response
431 The returned stream is the side-band-64k protocol supported
432 by the git-upload-pack service, and the pack is embedded into
433 stream 1. Progress messages from the server side MAY appear
436 Here a "closed set of objects" is defined to have at least
437 one path from every WANT to at least one COMMON object.
439 If the server needs more information, it replies with a
440 status continue response:
442 TODO: Document the non-pack response
444 (c) Parse the upload-pack response:
446 TODO: Document parsing response
448 Do another compute step.
451 Smart Service git-receive-pack
452 ------------------------------
453 This service reads from the repository pointed to by $GIT_URL.
455 Clients MUST first perform ref discovery with
456 '$GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-receive-pack'.
458 C: POST $GIT_URL/git-receive-pack HTTP/1.0
459 C: Content-Type: application/x-git-receive-pack-request
461 C: ....0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993 refs/heads/maint\0 report-status
466 S: Content-Type: application/x-git-receive-pack-result
467 S: Cache-Control: no-cache
471 Clients MUST NOT reuse or revalidate a cached reponse.
472 Servers MUST include sufficient Cache-Control headers
473 to prevent caching of the response.
475 Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined here.
477 Clients MUST send at least one command in the request body.
478 Within the command portion of the request body clients SHOULD send
479 the id obtained through ref discovery as old_id.
481 update_request = command_list
484 command_list = PKT-LINE(command NUL cap_list LF)
486 command_pkt = PKT-LINE(command LF)
487 cap_list = *(SP capability) SP
489 command = create / delete / update
490 create = zero-id SP new_id SP name
491 delete = old_id SP zero-id SP name
492 update = old_id SP new_id SP name
494 TODO: Document this further.
500 link:http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt[RFC 1738: Uniform Resource Locators (URL)]
501 link:http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt[RFC 2616: Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1]
502 link:technical/pack-protocol.html
503 link:technical/protocol-capabilities.html