6 git-send-email - Send a collection of patches as emails
12 'git send-email' [<options>] <file|directory>...
13 'git send-email' [<options>] <format-patch options>
14 'git send-email' --dump-aliases
19 Takes the patches given on the command line and emails them out.
20 Patches can be specified as files, directories (which will send all
21 files in the directory), or directly as a revision list. In the
22 last case, any format accepted by linkgit:git-format-patch[1] can
23 be passed to git send-email, as well as options understood by
24 linkgit:git-format-patch[1].
26 The header of the email is configurable via command-line options. If not
27 specified on the command line, the user will be prompted with a ReadLine
28 enabled interface to provide the necessary information.
30 There are two formats accepted for patch files:
34 This is what linkgit:git-format-patch[1] generates. Most headers and MIME
35 formatting are ignored.
37 2. The original format used by Greg Kroah-Hartman's 'send_lots_of_email.pl'
40 This format expects the first line of the file to contain the "Cc:" value
41 and the "Subject:" of the message as the second line.
51 Review and edit each patch you're about to send. Default is the value
52 of `sendemail.annotate`. See the CONFIGURATION section for
53 `sendemail.multiEdit`.
56 Specify a "Bcc:" value for each email. Default is the value of
59 This option may be specified multiple times.
62 Specify a starting "Cc:" value for each email.
63 Default is the value of `sendemail.cc`.
65 This option may be specified multiple times.
68 Invoke a text editor (see GIT_EDITOR in linkgit:git-var[1])
69 to edit an introductory message for the patch series.
71 When `--compose` is used, git send-email will use the From, Subject, and
72 In-Reply-To headers specified in the message. If the body of the message
73 (what you type after the headers and a blank line) only contains blank
74 (or Git: prefixed) lines, the summary won't be sent, but From, Subject,
75 and In-Reply-To headers will be used unless they are removed.
77 Missing From or In-Reply-To headers will be prompted for.
79 See the CONFIGURATION section for `sendemail.multiEdit`.
82 Specify the sender of the emails. If not specified on the command line,
83 the value of the `sendemail.from` configuration option is used. If
84 neither the command-line option nor `sendemail.from` are set, then the
85 user will be prompted for the value. The default for the prompt will be
86 the value of GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT, or GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT if that is not
87 set, as returned by "git var -l".
89 --reply-to=<address>::
90 Specify the address where replies from recipients should go to.
91 Use this if replies to messages should go to another address than what
92 is specified with the --from parameter.
94 --in-reply-to=<identifier>::
95 Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a
96 reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to
97 provide a new patch series.
98 The second and subsequent emails will be sent as replies according to
99 the `--[no-]chain-reply-to` setting.
101 So for example when `--thread` and `--no-chain-reply-to` are specified, the
102 second and subsequent patches will be replies to the first one like in the
103 illustration below where `[PATCH v2 0/3]` is in reply to `[PATCH 0/2]`:
105 [PATCH 0/2] Here is what I did...
106 [PATCH 1/2] Clean up and tests
107 [PATCH 2/2] Implementation
108 [PATCH v2 0/3] Here is a reroll
109 [PATCH v2 1/3] Clean up
110 [PATCH v2 2/3] New tests
111 [PATCH v2 3/3] Implementation
113 Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose
114 is not set, this will be prompted for.
117 Specify the initial subject of the email thread.
118 Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose
119 is not set, this will be prompted for.
122 Specify the primary recipient of the emails generated. Generally, this
123 will be the upstream maintainer of the project involved. Default is the
124 value of the `sendemail.to` configuration value; if that is unspecified,
125 and --to-cmd is not specified, this will be prompted for.
127 This option may be specified multiple times.
129 --8bit-encoding=<encoding>::
130 When encountering a non-ASCII message or subject that does not
131 declare its encoding, add headers/quoting to indicate it is
132 encoded in <encoding>. Default is the value of the
133 'sendemail.assume8bitEncoding'; if that is unspecified, this
134 will be prompted for if any non-ASCII files are encountered.
136 Note that no attempts whatsoever are made to validate the encoding.
138 --compose-encoding=<encoding>::
139 Specify encoding of compose message. Default is the value of the
140 'sendemail.composeencoding'; if that is unspecified, UTF-8 is assumed.
142 --transfer-encoding=(7bit|8bit|quoted-printable|base64|auto)::
143 Specify the transfer encoding to be used to send the message over SMTP.
144 7bit will fail upon encountering a non-ASCII message. quoted-printable
145 can be useful when the repository contains files that contain carriage
146 returns, but makes the raw patch email file (as saved from a MUA) much
147 harder to inspect manually. base64 is even more fool proof, but also
148 even more opaque. auto will use 8bit when possible, and quoted-printable
151 Default is the value of the `sendemail.transferEncoding` configuration
152 value; if that is unspecified, default to `auto`.
156 Add (or prevent adding) the "X-Mailer:" header. By default,
157 the header is added, but it can be turned off by setting the
158 `sendemail.xmailer` configuration variable to `false`.
163 --envelope-sender=<address>::
164 Specify the envelope sender used to send the emails.
165 This is useful if your default address is not the address that is
166 subscribed to a list. In order to use the 'From' address, set the
167 value to "auto". If you use the sendmail binary, you must have
168 suitable privileges for the -f parameter. Default is the value of the
169 `sendemail.envelopeSender` configuration variable; if that is
170 unspecified, choosing the envelope sender is left to your MTA.
172 --sendmail-cmd=<command>::
173 Specify a command to run to send the email. The command should
174 be sendmail-like; specifically, it must support the `-i` option.
175 The command will be executed in the shell if necessary. Default
176 is the value of `sendemail.sendmailcmd`. If unspecified, and if
177 --smtp-server is also unspecified, git-send-email will search
178 for `sendmail` in `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/lib` and $PATH.
180 --smtp-encryption=<encryption>::
181 Specify in what way encrypting begins for the SMTP connection.
182 Valid values are 'ssl' and 'tls'. Any other value reverts to plain
183 (unencrypted) SMTP, which defaults to port 25.
184 Despite the names, both values will use the same newer version of TLS,
185 but for historic reasons have these names. 'ssl' refers to "implicit"
186 encryption (sometimes called SMTPS), that uses port 465 by default.
187 'tls' refers to "explicit" encryption (often known as STARTTLS),
188 that uses port 25 by default. Other ports might be used by the SMTP
189 server, which are not the default. Commonly found alternative port for
190 'tls' and unencrypted is 587. You need to check your provider's
191 documentation or your server configuration to make sure
192 for your own case. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpEncryption`.
194 --smtp-domain=<FQDN>::
195 Specifies the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) used in the
196 HELO/EHLO command to the SMTP server. Some servers require the
197 FQDN to match your IP address. If not set, git send-email attempts
198 to determine your FQDN automatically. Default is the value of
199 `sendemail.smtpDomain`.
201 --smtp-auth=<mechanisms>::
202 Whitespace-separated list of allowed SMTP-AUTH mechanisms. This setting
203 forces using only the listed mechanisms. Example:
206 $ git send-email --smtp-auth="PLAIN LOGIN GSSAPI" ...
209 If at least one of the specified mechanisms matches the ones advertised by the
210 SMTP server and if it is supported by the utilized SASL library, the mechanism
211 is used for authentication. If neither 'sendemail.smtpAuth' nor `--smtp-auth`
212 is specified, all mechanisms supported by the SASL library can be used. The
213 special value 'none' maybe specified to completely disable authentication
214 independently of `--smtp-user`
216 --smtp-pass[=<password>]::
217 Password for SMTP-AUTH. The argument is optional: If no
218 argument is specified, then the empty string is used as
219 the password. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpPass`,
220 however `--smtp-pass` always overrides this value.
222 Furthermore, passwords need not be specified in configuration files
223 or on the command line. If a username has been specified (with
224 `--smtp-user` or a `sendemail.smtpUser`), but no password has been
225 specified (with `--smtp-pass` or `sendemail.smtpPass`), then
226 a password is obtained using 'git-credential'.
229 Disable SMTP authentication. Short hand for `--smtp-auth=none`
231 --smtp-server=<host>::
232 If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server to use (e.g.
233 `smtp.example.com` or a raw IP address). If unspecified, and if
234 `--sendmail-cmd` is also unspecified, the default is to search
235 for `sendmail` in `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/lib` and $PATH if such a
236 program is available, falling back to `localhost` otherwise.
238 For backward compatibility, this option can also specify a full pathname
239 of a sendmail-like program instead; the program must support the `-i`
240 option. This method does not support passing arguments or using plain
241 command names. For those use cases, consider using `--sendmail-cmd`
244 --smtp-server-port=<port>::
245 Specifies a port different from the default port (SMTP
246 servers typically listen to smtp port 25, but may also listen to
247 submission port 587, or the common SSL smtp port 465);
248 symbolic port names (e.g. "submission" instead of 587)
249 are also accepted. The port can also be set with the
250 `sendemail.smtpServerPort` configuration variable.
252 --smtp-server-option=<option>::
253 If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server option to use.
254 Default value can be specified by the `sendemail.smtpServerOption`
255 configuration option.
257 The --smtp-server-option option must be repeated for each option you want
258 to pass to the server. Likewise, different lines in the configuration files
259 must be used for each option.
262 Legacy alias for '--smtp-encryption ssl'.
264 --smtp-ssl-cert-path::
265 Path to a store of trusted CA certificates for SMTP SSL/TLS
266 certificate validation (either a directory that has been processed
267 by 'c_rehash', or a single file containing one or more PEM format
268 certificates concatenated together: see verify(1) -CAfile and
269 -CApath for more information on these). Set it to an empty string
270 to disable certificate verification. Defaults to the value of the
271 `sendemail.smtpsslcertpath` configuration variable, if set, or the
272 backing SSL library's compiled-in default otherwise (which should
273 be the best choice on most platforms).
276 Username for SMTP-AUTH. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpUser`;
277 if a username is not specified (with `--smtp-user` or `sendemail.smtpUser`),
278 then authentication is not attempted.
281 Enable (1) or disable (0) debug output. If enabled, SMTP
282 commands and replies will be printed. Useful to debug TLS
283 connection and authentication problems.
286 Some email servers (e.g. smtp.163.com) limit the number emails to be
287 sent per session (connection) and this will lead to a failure when
288 sending many messages. With this option, send-email will disconnect after
289 sending $<num> messages and wait for a few seconds (see --relogin-delay)
290 and reconnect, to work around such a limit. You may want to
291 use some form of credential helper to avoid having to retype
292 your password every time this happens. Defaults to the
293 `sendemail.smtpBatchSize` configuration variable.
295 --relogin-delay=<int>::
296 Waiting $<int> seconds before reconnecting to SMTP server. Used together
297 with --batch-size option. Defaults to the `sendemail.smtpReloginDelay`
298 configuration variable.
304 Clears any list of "To:", "Cc:", "Bcc:" addresses previously
308 Clears the previously read value of `sendemail.identity` set
312 Specify a command to execute once per patch file which
313 should generate patch file specific "To:" entries.
314 Output of this command must be single email address per line.
315 Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocmd' configuration value.
318 Specify a command to execute once per patch file which
319 should generate patch file specific "Cc:" entries.
320 Output of this command must be single email address per line.
321 Default is the value of `sendemail.ccCmd` configuration value.
323 --[no-]chain-reply-to::
324 If this is set, each email will be sent as a reply to the previous
325 email sent. If disabled with "--no-chain-reply-to", all emails after
326 the first will be sent as replies to the first email sent. When using
327 this, it is recommended that the first file given be an overview of the
328 entire patch series. Disabled by default, but the `sendemail.chainReplyTo`
329 configuration variable can be used to enable it.
331 --identity=<identity>::
332 A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the
333 'sendemail.<identity>' subsection to take precedence over
334 values in the 'sendemail' section. The default identity is
335 the value of `sendemail.identity`.
337 --[no-]signed-off-by-cc::
338 If this is set, add emails found in the `Signed-off-by` trailer or Cc: lines to the
339 cc list. Default is the value of `sendemail.signedoffbycc` configuration
340 value; if that is unspecified, default to --signed-off-by-cc.
343 If this is set, emails found in Cc: headers in the first patch of
344 the series (typically the cover letter) are added to the cc list
345 for each email set. Default is the value of 'sendemail.cccover'
346 configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-cc-cover.
349 If this is set, emails found in To: headers in the first patch of
350 the series (typically the cover letter) are added to the to list
351 for each email set. Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocover'
352 configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-to-cover.
354 --suppress-cc=<category>::
355 Specify an additional category of recipients to suppress the
359 - 'author' will avoid including the patch author.
360 - 'self' will avoid including the sender.
361 - 'cc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the patch header
362 except for self (use 'self' for that).
363 - 'bodycc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the
364 patch body (commit message) except for self (use 'self' for that).
365 - 'sob' will avoid including anyone mentioned in the Signed-off-by trailers except
366 for self (use 'self' for that).
367 - 'misc-by' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Acked-by,
368 Reviewed-by, Tested-by and other "-by" lines in the patch body,
369 except Signed-off-by (use 'sob' for that).
370 - 'cccmd' will avoid running the --cc-cmd.
371 - 'body' is equivalent to 'sob' + 'bodycc' + 'misc-by'.
372 - 'all' will suppress all auto cc values.
375 Default is the value of `sendemail.suppresscc` configuration value; if
376 that is unspecified, default to 'self' if --suppress-from is
377 specified, as well as 'body' if --no-signed-off-cc is specified.
379 --[no-]suppress-from::
380 If this is set, do not add the From: address to the cc: list.
381 Default is the value of `sendemail.suppressFrom` configuration
382 value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-suppress-from.
385 If this is set, the In-Reply-To and References headers will be
386 added to each email sent. Whether each mail refers to the
387 previous email (`deep` threading per 'git format-patch'
388 wording) or to the first email (`shallow` threading) is
389 governed by "--[no-]chain-reply-to".
391 If disabled with "--no-thread", those headers will not be added
392 (unless specified with --in-reply-to). Default is the value of the
393 `sendemail.thread` configuration value; if that is unspecified,
396 It is up to the user to ensure that no In-Reply-To header already
397 exists when 'git send-email' is asked to add it (especially note that
398 'git format-patch' can be configured to do the threading itself).
399 Failure to do so may not produce the expected result in the
407 Confirm just before sending:
410 - 'always' will always confirm before sending
411 - 'never' will never confirm before sending
412 - 'cc' will confirm before sending when send-email has automatically
413 added addresses from the patch to the Cc list
414 - 'compose' will confirm before sending the first message when using --compose.
415 - 'auto' is equivalent to 'cc' + 'compose'
418 Default is the value of `sendemail.confirm` configuration value; if that
419 is unspecified, default to 'auto' unless any of the suppress options
420 have been specified, in which case default to 'compose'.
423 Do everything except actually send the emails.
425 --[no-]format-patch::
426 When an argument may be understood either as a reference or as a file name,
427 choose to understand it as a format-patch argument (`--format-patch`)
428 or as a file name (`--no-format-patch`). By default, when such a conflict
429 occurs, git send-email will fail.
432 Make git-send-email less verbose. One line per email should be
436 Perform sanity checks on patches.
437 Currently, validation means the following:
440 * Invoke the sendemail-validate hook if present (see linkgit:githooks[5]).
441 * Warn of patches that contain lines longer than
442 998 characters unless a suitable transfer encoding
443 ('auto', 'base64', or 'quoted-printable') is used;
444 this is due to SMTP limits as described by
445 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5322.txt.
448 Default is the value of `sendemail.validate`; if this is not set,
449 default to `--validate`.
452 Send emails even if safety checks would prevent it.
459 Instead of the normal operation, dump the shorthand alias names from
460 the configured alias file(s), one per line in alphabetical order. Note,
461 this only includes the alias name and not its expanded email addresses.
462 See 'sendemail.aliasesfile' for more information about aliases.
468 include::includes/cmd-config-section-all.txt[]
470 include::config/sendemail.txt[]
474 Use gmail as the smtp server
475 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
476 To use 'git send-email' to send your patches through the GMail SMTP server,
477 edit ~/.gitconfig to specify your account settings:
482 smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com
483 smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com
487 If you have multi-factor authentication set up on your Gmail account, you will
488 need to generate an app-specific password for use with 'git send-email'. Visit
489 https://security.google.com/settings/security/apppasswords to create it.
491 If you do not have multi-factor authentication set up on your Gmail account,
492 you will need to allow less secure app access. Visit
493 https://myaccount.google.com/lesssecureapps to enable it.
495 Once your commits are ready to be sent to the mailing list, run the
498 $ git format-patch --cover-letter -M origin/master -o outgoing/
499 $ edit outgoing/0000-*
500 $ git send-email outgoing/*
502 The first time you run it, you will be prompted for your credentials. Enter the
503 app-specific or your regular password as appropriate. If you have credential
504 helper configured (see linkgit:git-credential[1]), the password will be saved in
505 the credential store so you won't have to type it the next time.
507 Note: the following core Perl modules that may be installed with your
508 distribution of Perl are required:
509 MIME::Base64, MIME::QuotedPrint, Net::Domain and Net::SMTP.
510 These additional Perl modules are also required:
511 Authen::SASL and Mail::Address.
516 linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-imap-send[1], mbox(5)
520 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite