6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
15 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
19 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
20 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
21 and full access to internals.
23 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
24 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
25 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
26 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
27 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
30 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
31 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
33 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
34 documentation can be viewed at
35 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.6.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.4]
49 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
50 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
51 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
52 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
53 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
55 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
58 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
59 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
60 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
61 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
62 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
65 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
66 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
67 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
68 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
69 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
70 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
72 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
75 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
76 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
77 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
78 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
80 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
83 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
84 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
85 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
86 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
87 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
88 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
89 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
91 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
94 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
95 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
96 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
97 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
98 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
99 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
100 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
102 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
105 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
106 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
107 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
108 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
109 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
110 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
111 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
113 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
116 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
117 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
118 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
119 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
120 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
121 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
122 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
123 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
125 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
128 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
129 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
130 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
131 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
132 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
133 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
134 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
135 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
136 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
138 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
141 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
142 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
143 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
144 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
145 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
146 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
148 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
151 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
152 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
153 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
154 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
155 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
156 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
157 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
159 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
162 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
163 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
164 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
165 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
166 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
167 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
168 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
170 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
171 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
172 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
173 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
182 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
185 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
186 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
187 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
188 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
190 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
191 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
192 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
196 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
197 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
198 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
199 the current setting and then exit.
202 Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
207 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
210 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
213 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
214 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
215 path or relative path to current working directory.
218 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
219 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
220 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
221 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
222 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
223 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
224 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
225 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
226 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
227 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
228 of your working tree.
231 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
232 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
236 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
237 ---------------------
239 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
240 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
242 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
243 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
244 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
246 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
248 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
251 The internals are documented in the
252 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
257 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
258 ("plumbing") commands.
260 High-level commands (porcelain)
261 -------------------------------
263 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
264 ancillary user utilities.
266 Main porcelain commands
267 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
269 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
275 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
279 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
282 Interacting with Others
283 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
285 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
286 people via patch over e-mail.
288 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
291 Low-level commands (plumbing)
292 -----------------------------
294 Although git includes its
295 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
296 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
297 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
298 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
300 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
301 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
302 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
303 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
304 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
307 The following description divides
308 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
309 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
310 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
314 Manipulation commands
315 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
317 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
320 Interrogation commands
321 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
323 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
325 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
329 Synching repositories
330 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
332 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
334 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
335 typically do not use them directly.
337 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
340 Internal helper commands
341 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
343 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
344 users typically do not use them directly.
346 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
349 Configuration Mechanism
350 -----------------------
352 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
353 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
354 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
355 people. Here is an example:
359 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
364 ; Don't trust file modes
369 name = "Junio C Hamano"
370 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
374 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
375 their operation accordingly.
378 Identifier Terminology
379 ----------------------
381 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
384 Indicates a blob object name.
387 Indicates a tree object name.
390 Indicates a commit object name.
393 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
394 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
395 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
396 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
399 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
400 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
401 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
402 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
405 Indicates that an object type is required.
406 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
409 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
410 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
414 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
418 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
419 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
423 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
427 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
429 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
430 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
433 File/Directory Structure
434 ------------------------
436 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
438 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
440 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
446 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
449 Environment Variables
450 ---------------------
451 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
455 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
456 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
457 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
460 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
461 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
464 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
465 If the object storage directory is specified via this
466 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
467 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
470 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
471 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
472 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
473 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
474 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
475 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
478 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
479 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
480 for the base of the repository.
483 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
484 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
485 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
486 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
487 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
489 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
490 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
491 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
492 up into while looking for a repository directory.
493 It will not exclude the current working directory or
494 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
495 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
502 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
503 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
504 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
506 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
511 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
512 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
513 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
514 value passed on the git diff command line.
516 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
517 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
518 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
519 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
520 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
522 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
526 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
527 contents of <old|new>,
528 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
529 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
532 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
533 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
534 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
535 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
536 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
538 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
543 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
544 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
545 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
546 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
549 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
550 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
551 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
552 linkgit:git-config[1].
555 If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch'
556 and 'git-push' will use this command instead
557 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
558 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
559 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
560 shell command to execute on that remote system.
562 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
563 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
564 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
566 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
567 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
571 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
572 as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log',
573 and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
574 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
575 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
576 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
577 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
578 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
581 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
582 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
583 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
584 execution and external command execution.
585 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
586 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
587 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
588 trace messages into this file descriptor.
589 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
590 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
591 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
594 Discussion[[Discussion]]
595 ------------------------
597 More detail on the following is available from the
598 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
599 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
601 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
602 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
603 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
604 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
605 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
606 as tags and branch heads.
608 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
609 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
610 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
611 and some number of parent commits.
613 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
614 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
615 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
616 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
618 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
619 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
620 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
621 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
624 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
625 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
627 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
628 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
629 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
630 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
631 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
632 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
634 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
635 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
636 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
637 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
638 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
639 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
640 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
641 content stored in the index.
643 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
644 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
645 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
649 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
650 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
651 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
652 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
656 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
657 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
658 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
662 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
663 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
664 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
665 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
666 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
670 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite