6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v2.4.0/git.html[documentation for release 2.4]
49 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
51 * link:v2.3.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.7]
54 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7],
55 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6],
56 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5],
57 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4],
58 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3],
59 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2],
60 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
61 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
63 * link:v2.2.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.2]
66 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
67 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
68 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
70 * link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
73 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
74 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
75 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
76 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
77 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
79 * link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
82 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
83 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4],
84 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
85 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2],
86 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
87 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
89 * link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
92 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5],
93 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
94 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
95 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2],
96 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1],
97 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
99 * link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
102 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
103 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
104 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4],
105 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
106 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
107 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
108 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
110 * link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
113 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
114 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
115 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
116 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
117 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
118 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
120 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
123 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
124 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
125 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
126 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
127 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
129 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
132 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
133 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
134 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
135 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
137 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
140 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
141 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
142 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
143 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
144 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
145 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
146 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
148 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
151 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
152 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
153 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
154 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
156 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
165 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
168 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
169 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
170 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
177 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
185 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
187 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
195 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
196 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
197 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
199 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
204 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
205 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
206 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
207 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
208 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
210 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
213 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
214 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
215 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
216 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
217 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
218 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
219 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
222 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
225 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
226 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
227 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
228 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
229 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
230 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
231 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
233 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
236 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
237 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
238 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
239 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
240 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
242 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
245 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
246 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
247 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
248 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
249 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
250 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
252 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
255 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
256 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
257 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
258 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
259 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
260 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
262 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
265 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
266 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
267 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
268 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
269 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
270 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
272 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
275 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
276 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
277 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
278 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
279 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
281 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
284 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
285 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
286 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
287 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
288 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
289 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
290 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
291 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
292 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
293 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
295 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
298 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
299 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
300 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
301 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
303 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
306 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
307 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
308 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
309 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
310 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
311 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
312 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
313 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
314 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
315 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
317 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
320 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
321 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
322 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
323 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
324 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
325 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
327 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
330 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
331 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
332 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
333 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
334 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
337 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
338 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
339 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
340 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
341 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
342 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
344 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
347 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
348 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
349 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
350 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
352 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
355 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
356 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
357 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
358 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
359 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
360 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
361 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
363 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
366 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
367 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
368 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
369 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
370 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
371 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
372 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
374 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
377 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
378 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
379 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
380 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
381 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
382 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
383 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
385 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
388 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
389 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
390 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
391 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
392 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
393 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
394 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
395 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
397 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
400 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
401 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
402 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
403 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
404 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
405 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
406 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
407 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
408 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
410 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
413 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
414 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
415 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
416 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
417 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
418 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
420 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
423 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
424 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
425 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
426 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
427 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
428 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
429 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
431 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
434 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
435 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
436 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
437 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
438 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
439 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
440 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
442 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
443 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
444 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
445 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
454 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
457 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
458 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
459 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
460 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
462 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
463 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
464 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
468 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
469 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
470 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
473 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
474 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
475 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
476 example the following invocations are equivalent:
478 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
479 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
482 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
483 given will override values from configuration files.
484 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
485 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
487 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
488 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
489 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
490 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
492 --exec-path[=<path>]::
493 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
494 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
495 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
496 the current setting and then exit.
499 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
500 documentation is installed and exit.
503 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
504 this version of Git and exit.
507 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
508 version of Git are installed and exit.
512 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
513 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
514 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
518 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
521 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
522 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
523 path or relative path to current working directory.
526 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
527 or a path relative to the current working directory.
528 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
529 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
530 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
531 more detailed discussion).
534 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
535 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
539 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
540 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
543 --no-replace-objects::
544 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
545 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
547 --literal-pathspecs::
548 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
549 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
553 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
554 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
555 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
559 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
560 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
561 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
565 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
566 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
571 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
572 ("plumbing") commands.
574 High-level commands (porcelain)
575 -------------------------------
577 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
578 ancillary user utilities.
580 Main porcelain commands
581 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
583 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
589 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
593 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
596 Interacting with Others
597 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
599 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
600 people via patch over e-mail.
602 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
605 Low-level commands (plumbing)
606 -----------------------------
608 Although Git includes its
609 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
610 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
611 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
612 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
614 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
615 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
616 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
617 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
618 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
621 The following description divides
622 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
623 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
624 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
628 Manipulation commands
629 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
631 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
634 Interrogation commands
635 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
637 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
639 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
643 Synching repositories
644 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
646 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
648 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
649 typically do not use them directly.
651 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
654 Internal helper commands
655 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
657 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
658 users typically do not use them directly.
660 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
663 Configuration Mechanism
664 -----------------------
666 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
667 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
672 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
677 ; Don't trust file modes
682 name = "Junio C Hamano"
683 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
687 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
688 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
689 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
692 Identifier Terminology
693 ----------------------
695 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
698 Indicates a blob object name.
701 Indicates a tree object name.
704 Indicates a commit object name.
707 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
708 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
709 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
710 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
713 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
714 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
715 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
716 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
719 Indicates that an object type is required.
720 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
723 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
724 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
728 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
732 indicates the head of the current branch.
736 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
740 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
742 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
743 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
746 File/Directory Structure
747 ------------------------
749 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
751 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
753 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
759 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
762 Environment Variables
763 ---------------------
764 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
768 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
769 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
770 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
773 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
774 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
777 'GIT_INDEX_VERSION'::
778 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
779 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
780 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
781 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
783 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
784 If the object storage directory is specified via this
785 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
786 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
789 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
790 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
791 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
792 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
793 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
794 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
797 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
798 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
799 for the base of the repository.
800 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
803 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
804 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command-line
805 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
808 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
809 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
811 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
812 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
813 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
814 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
815 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
816 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
817 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
818 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
819 might be present in order to compare them with the current
820 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
821 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
822 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
824 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
826 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
827 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
828 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
829 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
830 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
831 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
832 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
833 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
837 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
838 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
839 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
840 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
841 the section 'MULTIPLE CHECKOUT MODE' in linkgit:checkout[1]
842 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
843 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
850 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
851 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
852 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
854 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
859 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
860 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
861 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
862 value passed on the Git diff command line.
864 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
865 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
866 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
867 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
868 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
870 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
874 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
875 contents of <old|new>,
876 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
877 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
879 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
880 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
881 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
882 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
883 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
885 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
888 For each path 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called, two environment variables,
889 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER' and 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL' are set.
891 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER'::
892 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
894 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL'::
895 The total number of paths.
899 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
900 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
901 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
902 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
905 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
906 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
907 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
908 linkgit:git-config[1].
911 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
912 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
913 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
914 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
918 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
919 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
920 when they need to connect to a remote system.
921 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
922 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
923 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
924 '-p' (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
925 something other than the default SSH port.
927 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
928 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
929 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
930 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
933 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
934 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
938 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
939 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
940 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
941 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askPass'
942 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
944 'GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT'::
945 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
946 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
948 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
949 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
950 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
951 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
952 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
953 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
954 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
957 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
958 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
959 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
960 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
962 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
963 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
964 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
965 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
968 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
969 command execution and external command execution.
971 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
972 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
975 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
976 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
977 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
978 trace messages into this file descriptor.
980 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
981 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
982 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
985 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
986 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
988 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
989 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
990 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
991 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
992 pack-related performance problems.
993 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
996 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
997 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
998 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
999 starting with "PACK".
1000 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1002 'GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE'::
1003 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1004 time of each Git command.
1005 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1008 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1009 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1010 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1012 'GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW'::
1013 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1014 cloning of shallow repositories.
1015 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1017 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
1018 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1019 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1020 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1021 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1022 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1023 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1024 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1026 GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS::
1027 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1028 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1030 GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS::
1031 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1032 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1034 GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS::
1035 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1036 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1038 'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION'::
1039 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1040 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1041 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1042 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1043 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1044 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1045 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1046 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1048 `GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1049 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1050 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1051 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1052 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1053 this variable automatically when performing destructive
1054 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1055 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1056 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1057 cloning a repository to make a backup).
1060 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1061 ------------------------
1063 More detail on the following is available from the
1064 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1065 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1067 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1068 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1069 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1070 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1071 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1072 as tags and branch heads.
1074 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1075 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1076 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1077 and some number of parent commits.
1079 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1080 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1081 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1082 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1084 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1085 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1086 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1087 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1090 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1091 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1093 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1094 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1095 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1096 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1097 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1098 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1100 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1101 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1102 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1103 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1104 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1105 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1106 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1107 content stored in the index.
1109 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1110 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1111 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1113 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1114 ---------------------
1116 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1117 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1118 for a first-time user.
1120 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1121 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1122 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1124 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1126 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1129 The internals are documented in the
1130 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1132 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1133 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1138 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1139 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1140 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1141 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1143 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1144 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1145 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1150 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1151 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1152 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1156 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1157 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1158 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1159 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1160 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1164 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite