3 ===========================
4 Python and the Build System
5 ===========================
7 The Python programming language is used significantly in the build
8 system. If we need to write code for the build system or for a tool
9 related to the build system, Python is typically the first choice.
14 The tree requires Python 2.7.3 or greater but not Python 3 to build.
15 All Python packages not in the Python distribution are included in the
16 source tree. So all you should need is a vanilla Python install and you
19 Only CPython (the Python distribution available from www.python.org) is
22 We require Python 2.7.3 (and not say 2.7.2) to build because Python
23 2.7.3 contains numerous bug fixes, especially around the area of Unicode
24 handling. These bug fixes are extremely annoying and have to be worked
25 around. The build maintainers were tired of doing this, so the minimum
26 version requirement was upped (bug 870420).
28 We intend to eventually support Python 3. This will come by way of dual
29 2.7/3.x compatibility because a single flag day conversion to 3.x will
30 be too cumbersome given the amount of Python that would need converted.
31 We will not know which 3.x minor release we are targeting until this
32 effort is underway. This is tracked in bug 636155.
34 Compiled Python Packages
35 ========================
37 There are some features of the build that rely on compiled Python packages
38 (packages containing C source). These features are currently all
39 optional because not every system contains the Python development
40 headers required to build these extensions.
42 We recommend you have the Python development headers installed (``mach
43 bootstrap`` should do this for you) so you can take advantage of these
46 Issues with OS X System Python
47 ==============================
49 The Python that ships with OS X has historically been littered with
50 subtle bugs and suboptimalities. Furthermore, OS X up through 10.8 don't
51 ship with Python 2.7.3 (10.8 ships with 2.7.2).
53 OS X 10.8 and below users will be required to install a new Python
54 distribution. This may not be necessary for OS X 10.9+. However, we
55 still recommend installing a separate Python because of the history with
56 OS X's system Python issues.
58 We recommend installing Python through Homebrew or MacPorts. If you run
59 ``mach bootstrap``, this should be done for you.
64 The build system relies heavily on
65 `virtualenvs <http://www.virtualenv.org/en/latest/>`_. Virtualenvs are
66 standalone and isolated Python environments. The problem a virtualenv
67 solves is that of dependencies across multiple Python components. If two
68 components on a system relied on different versions of a package, there
69 could be a conflict. Instead of managing multiple versions of a package
70 simultaneously, Python and virtualenvs take the route that it is easier
71 to just keep them separate so there is no potential for conflicts.
73 Very early in the build process, a virtualenv is created inside the
74 :term:`object directory`. The virtualenv is configured such that it can
75 find all the Python packages in the source tree. The code for this lives
76 in :py:mod:`mozbuild.virtualenv`.
81 There are numerous deficiencies with the way virtualenvs are handled in
84 * mach reinvents the virtualenv.
86 There is code in ``build/mach_bootstrap.py`` that configures ``sys.path``
87 much the same way the virtualenv does. There are various bugs tracking
88 this. However, no clear solution has yet been devised. It's not a huge
89 problem and thus not a huge priority.
91 * They aren't preserved across copies and packaging.
93 If you attempt to copy an entire tree from one machine to another or
94 from one directory to another, chances are the virtualenv will fall
95 apart. It would be nice if we could preserve it somehow. Instead of
96 actually solving portable virtualenvs, all we really need to solve is
97 encapsulating the logic for populating the virtualenv along with all
98 dependent files in the appropriate place.
100 * .pyc files written to source directory.
102 We rely heavily on ``.pth`` files in our virtualenv. A ``.pth`` file
103 is a special file that contains a list of paths. Python will take the
104 set of listed paths encountered in ``.pth`` files and add them to
107 When Python compiles a ``.py`` file to bytecode, it writes out a
108 ``.pyc`` file so it doesn't have to perform this compilation again.
109 It puts these ``.pyc`` files alongside the ``.pyc`` file. Python
110 provides very little control for determining where these ``.pyc`` files
111 go, even in Python 3 (which offers customer importers).
113 With ``.pth`` files pointing back to directories in the source tree
114 and not the object directory, ``.pyc`` files are created in the source
115 tree. This is bad because when Python imports a module, it first looks
116 for a ``.pyc`` file before the ``.py`` file. If there is a ``.pyc``
117 file but no ``.py`` file, it will happily import the module. This
118 wreaks havoc during file moves, refactoring, etc.
120 There are various proposals for fixing this. See bug 795995.
122 Installing Python Manually
123 ==========================
125 We highly recommend you use your system's package manager or a
126 well-supported 3rd party package manager to install Python for you. If
127 these are not available to you, we recommend the following tools for
130 * `buildout.python <https://github.com/collective/buildout.python>`_
131 * `pyenv <https://github.com/yyuu/pyenv>`_
132 * An official installer from http://www.python.org.
134 If all else fails, consider compiling Python from source manually. But this
135 should be viewed as the least desirable option.
137 Common Issues with Python
138 =========================
140 Upgrading your Python distribution breaks the virtualenv
141 --------------------------------------------------------
143 If you upgrade the Python distribution (e.g. install Python 2.7.5
144 from 2.7.3, chances are parts of the virtualenv will break.
145 This commonly manifests as a cryptic ``Cannot import XXX`` exception.
146 More often than not, the module being imported contains binary/compiled
149 If you upgrade or reinstall your Python distribution, we recommend
150 clobbering your build.
152 Packages installed at the system level conflict with build system's
153 -------------------------------------------------------------------
155 It is common for people to install Python packages using ``sudo`` (e.g.
156 ``sudo pip install psutil``) or with the system's package manager
157 (e.g. ``apt-get install python-mysql``.
159 A problem with this is that packages installed at the system level may
160 conflict with the package provided by the source tree. As of bug 907902
161 and changeset f18eae7c3b27 (September 16, 2013), this should no longer
162 be an issue since the virtualenv created as part of the build doesn't
163 add the system's ``site-packages`` directory to ``sys.path``. However,
164 poorly installed packages may still find a way to creep into the mix and
165 interfere with our virtualenv.
167 As a general principle, we recommend against using your system's package
168 manager or using ``sudo`` to install Python packages. Instead, create
169 virtualenvs and isolated Python environments for all of your Python
172 Python on $PATH is not appropriate
173 ----------------------------------
175 Tools like ``mach`` will look for Python by performing ``/usr/bin/env
176 python`` or equivalent. Please be sure the appropriate Python 2.7.3+
177 path is on $PATH. On OS X, this likely means you'll need to modify your
178 shell's init script to put something ahead of ``/usr/bin``.