tests/ctags/intro_orig.tex

   1 % http://sip.clarku.edu/tutorials/TeX/intro.html
   2 \documentclass[12pt]{article}
   3
   4 \usepackage{amsmath}    % need for subequations
   5 \usepackage{graphicx}   % need for figures
   6 \usepackage{verbatim}   % useful for program listings
   7 \usepackage{color}      % use if color is used in text
   8 \usepackage{subfigure}  % use for side-by-side figures
   9 \usepackage{hyperref}   % use for hypertext links, including those to external documents and URLs
  10
  11 % don't need the following. simply use defaults
  12 \setlength{\baselineskip}{16.0pt}    % 16 pt usual spacing between lines
  13
  14 \setlength{\parskip}{3pt plus 2pt}
  15 \setlength{\parindent}{20pt}
  16 \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.5cm}
  17 \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.5cm}
  18 \setlength{\marginparsep}{0.75cm}
  19 \setlength{\marginparwidth}{2.5cm}
  20 \setlength{\marginparpush}{1.0cm}
  21 \setlength{\textwidth}{150mm}
  22
  23 \begin{comment}
  24 \pagestyle{empty} % use if page numbers not wanted
  25 \end{comment}
  26
  27 % above is the preamble
  28
  29 \begin{document}
  30
  31 \begin{center}
  32 {\large Introduction to \LaTeX} \\ % \\ = new line
  33 \copyright 2006 by Harvey Gould \\
  34 December 5, 2006
  35 \end{center}
  36
  37 \section{Introduction}
  38 \TeX\ looks more difficult than it is. It is
  39 almost as easy as $\pi$. See how easy it is to make special
  40 symbols such as $\alpha$,
  41 $\beta$, $\gamma$,
  42 $\delta$, $\sin x$, $\hbar$, $\lambda$, $\ldots$ We also can make
  43 subscripts
  44 $A_{x}$, $A_{xy}$ and superscripts, $e^x$, $e^{x^2}$, and
  45 $e^{a^b}$. We will use \LaTeX, which is based on \TeX\ and has
  46 many higher-level commands (macros) for formatting, making
  47 tables, etc. More information can be found in Ref.~\cite{latex}.
  48
  49 We just made a new paragraph. Extra lines and spaces make no
  50 difference. Note that all formulas are enclosed by
  51 \$ and occur in \textit{math mode}.
  52
  53 The default font is Computer Modern. It includes \textit{italics},
  54 \textbf{boldface},
  55 \textsl{slanted}, and \texttt{monospaced} fonts.
  56
  57 \section{Equations}
  58 Let us see how easy it is to write equations.
  59 \begin{equation}
  60 \Delta =\sum_{i=1}^N w_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2 .
  61 \end{equation}
  62 It is a good idea to number equations, but we can have a
  63 equation without a number by writing
  64 \begin{equation}
  65 P(x) = \frac{x - a}{b - a} , \nonumber
  66 \end{equation}
  67 and
  68 \begin{equation}
  69 g = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{2\pi} . \nonumber
  70 \end{equation}
  71
  72 We can give an equation a label so that we can refer to it later.
  73 \begin{equation}
  74 \label{eq:ising}
  75 E = -J \sum_{i=1}^N s_i s_{i+1} ,
  76 \end{equation}
  77 Equation~\eqref{eq:ising} expresses the energy of a configuration
  78 of spins in the Ising model.\footnote{It is necessary to process (typeset) a
  79 file twice to get the counters correct.}
  80
  81 We can define our own macros to save typing. For example, suppose
  82 that we introduce the macros:
  83 \begin{verbatim}
  84  \newcommand{\lb}{{\langle}}
  85  \newcommand{\rb}{{\rangle}}
  86 \end{verbatim}
  87 \newcommand{\lb}{{\langle}}
  88 \newcommand{\rb}{{\rangle}}
  89 Then we can write the average value of $x$ as
  90 \begin{verbatim}
  91 \begin{equation}
  92 \lb x \rb = 3
  93 \end{equation}
  94 \end{verbatim}
  95 The result is
  96 \begin{equation}
  97 \lb x \rb = 3 .
  98 \end{equation}
  99
 100 Examples of more complicated equations:
 101 \begin{equation}
 102 I = \! \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x)\,dx \label{eq:fine}.
 103 \end{equation}
 104 We can do some fine tuning by adding small amounts of horizontal
 105 spacing:
 106 \begin{verbatim}
 107  \, small space       \! negative space
 108 \end{verbatim}
 109 as is done in Eq.~\eqref{eq:fine}.
 110
 111 We also can align several equations:
 112 \begin{align}
 113 a & = b \\
 114 c &= d ,
 115 \end{align}
 116 or number them as subequations:
 117 \begin{subequations}
 118 \begin{align}
 119 a & = b \\
 120 c &= d .
 121 \end{align}
 122 \end{subequations}
 123
 124 We can also have different cases:
 125 \begin{equation}
 126 \label{eq:mdiv}
 127 m(T) =
 128 \begin{cases}
 129 0 & \text{$T > T_c$} \\
 130 \bigl(1 - [\sinh 2 \beta J]^{-4} \bigr)^{\! 1/8} & \text{$T < T_c$}
 131 \end{cases}
 132 \end{equation}
 133 write matrices
 134 \begin{align}
 135 \textbf{T} &=
 136 \begin{pmatrix}
 137 T_{++} \hfill & T_{+-} \\
 138 T_{-+} & T_{--} \hfill
 139 \end{pmatrix} , \nonumber \\
 140 & =
 141 \begin{pmatrix}
 142 e^{\beta (J + B)} \hfill & e^{-\beta J} \hfill \\
 143 e^{-\beta J} \hfill & e^{\beta (J - B)} \hfill
 144 \end{pmatrix}.
 145 \end{align}
 146 and
 147 \newcommand{\rv}{\textbf{r}}
 148 \begin{equation}
 149 \sum_i \vec A \cdot \vec B = -P\!\int\! \rv \cdot
 150 \hat{\mathbf{n}}\, dA = P\!\int \! {\vec \nabla} \cdot \rv\, dV.
 151 \end{equation}
 152
 153 \section{Tables}
 154 Tables are a little more difficult. TeX
 155 automatically calculates the width of the columns.
 156
 157 \begin{table}[h]
 158 \begin{center}
 159 \begin{tabular}{|l|l|r|l|}
 160 \hline
 161 lattice & $d$ & $q$ & $T_{\rm mf}/T_c$ \\
 162 \hline
 163 square & 2 & 4 & 1.763 \\
 164 \hline
 165 triangular & 2 & 6 & 1.648 \\
 166 \hline
 167 diamond & 3 & 4 & 1.479 \\
 168 \hline
 169 simple cubic & 3 & 6 & 1.330 \\
 170 \hline
 171 bcc & 3 & 8 & 1.260 \\
 172 \hline
 173 fcc & 3 & 12 & 1.225 \\
 174 \hline
 175 \end{tabular}
 176 \caption{\label{tab:5/tc}Comparison of the mean-field predictions
 177 for the critical temperature of the Ising model with exact results
 178 and the best known estimates for different spatial dimensions $d$
 179 and lattice symmetries.}
 180 \end{center}
 181 \end{table}
 182
 183 \section{Lists}
 184
 185 Some example of formatted lists include the
 186 following:
 187
 188 \begin{enumerate}
 189
 190 \item bread
 191
 192 \item cheese
 193
 194 \end{enumerate}
 195
 196 \begin{itemize}
 197
 198 \item Tom
 199
 200 \item Dick
 201
 202 \end{itemize}
 203
 204 \section{Figures}
 205
 206 We can make figures bigger or smaller by scaling them. Figure~\ref{fig:lj}
 207 has been scaled by 60\%.
 208
 209 \begin{figure}[h]
 210 \begin{center}
 211 \includegraphics{figures/sine}
 212 \caption{\label{fig:typical}Show me a sine.}
 213 \end{center}
 214 \end{figure}
 215
 216 \begin{figure}[h]
 217 \begin{center}
 218 \scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{figures/lj}}
 219 \caption{\label{fig:lj}Plot of the
 220 Lennard-Jones potential
 221 $u(r)$. The potential is characterized by a length
 222 $\sigma$ and an energy
 223 $\epsilon$.}
 224 \end{center}
 225 \end{figure}
 226
 227 \section{Literal text}
 228 It is desirable to print program code exactly as it is typed in a
 229 monospaced font. Use \verb \begin{verbatim} and
 230 \verb \end{verbatim} as in the following example:
 231 \begin{verbatim}
 232 double y0 = 10; // example of declaration and assignment statement
 233 double v0 = 0;  // initial velocity
 234 double t = 0;   // time
 235 double dt = 0.01; // time step
 236 double y = y0;
 237 \end{verbatim}
 238 The command \verb \verbatiminput{programs/Square.java}\ allows
 239 you to list the file \texttt{Square.java} in the directory
 240 programs.
 241
 242 \section{Special Symbols}
 243
 244 \subsection{Common Greek letters}
 245
 246 These commands may be used only in math mode. Only the most common
 247 letters are included here.
 248
 249 $\alpha,
 250 \beta, \gamma, \Gamma,
 251 \delta,\Delta,
 252 \epsilon, \zeta, \eta, \theta, \Theta, \kappa,
 253 \lambda, \Lambda, \mu, \nu,
 254 \xi, \Xi,
 255 \pi, \Pi,
 256 \rho,
 257 \sigma,
 258 \tau,
 259 \phi, \Phi,
 260 \chi,
 261 \psi, \Psi,
 262 \omega, \Omega$
 263
 264 \subsection{Special symbols}
 265
 266 The derivative is defined as
 267 \begin{equation}
 268 \frac{dy}{dx} = \lim_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{\Delta y}
 269 {\Delta x}
 270 \end{equation}
 271 \begin{equation}
 272 f(x) \to y \quad \mbox{as} \quad x \to
 273 x_{0}
 274 \end{equation}
 275 \begin{equation}
 276 f(x) \mathop {\longrightarrow}
 277 \limits_{x \to x_0} y
 278 \end{equation}
 279
 280 \noindent Order of magnitude:
 281 \begin{equation}
 282 \log_{10}f \simeq n
 283 \end{equation}
 284 \begin{equation}
 285 f(x)\sim 10^{n}
 286 \end{equation}
 287 Approximate equality:
 288 \begin{equation}
 289 f(x)\simeq g(x)
 290 \end{equation}
 291 \LaTeX\ is simple if we keep everything in proportion:
 292 \begin{equation}
 293 f(x) \propto x^3 .
 294 \end{equation}
 295
 296 Finally we can skip some space by using commands such as
 297 \begin{verbatim}
 298 \bigskip    \medskip    \smallskip    \vspace{1pc}
 299 \end{verbatim}
 300 The space can be negative.
 301
 302 \section{\color{red}Use of Color}
 303
 304 {\color{blue}{We can change colors for emphasis}},
 305 {\color{green}{but}} {\color{cyan}{who is going pay for the ink?}}
 306
 307 \section{\label{morefig}Subfigures}
 308
 309 As soon as many students start becoming comfortable using \LaTeX, they want
 310 to use some of its advanced features. So we now show how to place two
 311 figures side by side.
 312
 313 \begin{figure}[h!]
 314 \begin{center}
 315 \subfigure[Real and imaginary.]{
 316 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{figures/reim}}
 317 \subfigure[Amplitude and phase.]{
 318 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{figures/phase}}
 319 \caption{\label{fig:qm/complexfunctions} Two representations of complex
 320 wave functions.}
 321 \end{center}
 322 \end{figure}
 323
 324 We first have to include the necessary package,
 325 \verb+\usepackage{subfigure}+, which has to go in the preamble (before
 326 \verb+\begin{document}+). It sometimes can be difficult to place a figure in
 327 the desired place.
 328
 329 Your LaTeX document can be easily modified to make a poster or a screen
 330 presentation similar to (and better than) PowerPoint. Conversion to HTML is
 331 straightforward. Comments on this tutorial are appreciated.
 332
 333 \begin{thebibliography}{5}
 334
 335 \bibitem{latex}Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. Daly, \textsl{A Guide to
 336 \LaTeX: Document Preparation for Beginners and Advanced Users},
 337 fourth edition, Addison-Wesley (2004).
 338
 339 \bibitem{website}Some useful links are
 340 given at \url{}.
 341
 342 \end{thebibliography}
 343
 344 {\small \noindent Updated 5 December 2006.}
 345 \end{document}
 346