2 .\" Copyright (c) 1992, 1993, 1994
3 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
5 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
8 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
14 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
15 .\" without specific prior written permission.
17 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
18 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
19 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
20 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
21 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
22 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
23 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
24 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
25 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
26 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
29 .\" @(#)symlink.7 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/31/94
37 .Nd symbolic link handling
38 .Sh SYMBOLIC LINK HANDLING
39 Symbolic links are files that act as pointers to other files.
40 To understand their behavior, you must first understand how hard links
42 A hard link to a file is indistinguishable from the original file because
43 it is a reference to the object underlying the original file name.
44 Changes to a file are independent of the name used to reference the
46 Hard links may not refer to directories and may not reference files
47 on different file systems.
48 A symbolic link contains the name of the file to which it is linked,
49 i.e., it is a pointer to another name, and not to an underlying object.
50 For this reason, symbolic links may reference directories and may span
53 Because a symbolic link and its referenced object coexist in the file system
54 name space, confusion can arise in distinguishing between the link itself
55 and the referenced object.
56 Historically, commands and system calls have adopted their own link
57 following conventions in a somewhat ad-hoc fashion.
58 Rules for more a uniform approach, as they are implemented in this system,
60 It is important that local applications conform to these rules, too,
61 so that the user interface can be as consistent as possible.
63 Symbolic links are handled either by operating on the link itself,
64 or by operating on the object referenced by the link.
66 an application or system call is said to
69 Symbolic links may reference other symbolic links,
70 in which case the links are dereferenced until an object that is
71 not a symbolic link is found,
72 a symbolic link which references a file which does not exist is found,
73 or a loop is detected.
74 (Loop detection is done by placing an upper limit on the number of
75 links that may be followed, and an error results if this limit is
78 There are three separate areas that need to be discussed.
81 .Bl -enum -compact -offset indent
83 Symbolic links used as file name arguments for system calls.
85 Symbolic links specified as command line arguments to utilities that
86 are not traversing a file tree.
88 Symbolic links encountered by utilities that are traversing a file tree
89 (either specified on the command line or encountered as part of the
93 The first area is symbolic links used as file name arguments for
96 Except as noted below, all system calls follow symbolic links.
97 For example, if there were a symbolic link
99 which pointed to a file named
102 .Dq Li open("slink" ...\&)
103 would return a file descriptor to the file
106 There are thirteen system calls that do not follow links, and which operate
107 on the symbolic link itself.
127 it also does not follow symbolic links.
135 is applied to a symbolic link, it fails with the error
140 system call does not follow symbolic links
142 .Dv AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW
145 The following system calls follow symbolic links
147 .Dv AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
156 The owner and group of an existing symbolic link can be changed by
160 The flags, access permissions, owner/group and modification time of
161 an existing symbolic link can be changed by means of the
167 system calls, respectively.
168 Of these, only the flags and ownership are used by the system;
169 the access permissions are ignored.
173 system differs from historical
175 systems in that the system call
177 has been changed to follow symbolic links.
180 system call was added later when the limitations of the new
183 .Ss Commands not traversing a file tree.
184 The second area is symbolic links, specified as command line file
185 name arguments, to commands which are not traversing a file tree.
187 Except as noted below, commands follow symbolic links named as command
189 For example, if there were a symbolic link
191 which pointed to a file named
195 would display the contents of the file
198 It is important to realize that this rule includes commands which may
199 optionally traverse file trees, e.g.\& the command
201 is included in this rule, while the command
202 .Dq Li "chown -R file"
204 (The latter is described in the third area, below.)
206 If it is explicitly intended that the command operate on the symbolic
207 link instead of following the symbolic link, e.g., it is desired that
209 change the ownership of the file that
211 is, whether it is a symbolic link or not, the
213 option should be used.
214 In the above example,
215 .Dq Li "chown root slink"
216 would change the ownership of the file referenced by
219 .Dq Li "chown -h root slink"
220 would change the ownership of
224 There are five exceptions to this rule.
229 commands do not follow symbolic links named as arguments,
230 but respectively attempt to rename and delete them.
231 (Note, if the symbolic link references a file via a relative path,
232 moving it to another directory may very well cause it to stop working,
233 since the path may no longer be correct.)
237 command is also an exception to this rule.
238 For compatibility with historic systems (when
240 is not doing a tree walk, i.e., the
242 option is not specified),
245 command follows symbolic links named as arguments if the
255 options are not specified.
258 command is the only command where the
262 options affect its behavior even though it is not doing a walk of
269 commands are also exceptions to this rule.
271 commands do not follow symbolic links named as argument by default,
272 but do follow symbolic links named as argument if the
278 system differs from historical
284 commands follow symbolic links specified on the command line.
285 .Ss Commands traversing a file tree.
286 The following commands either optionally or always traverse file trees:
300 It is important to realize that the following rules apply equally to
301 symbolic links encountered during the file tree traversal and symbolic
302 links listed as command line arguments.
304 The first rule applies to symbolic links that reference files that are
305 not of type directory.
306 Operations that apply to symbolic links are performed on the links
307 themselves, but otherwise the links are ignored.
310 .Dq Li "rm -r slink directory"
313 as well as any symbolic links encountered in the tree traversal of
315 because symbolic links may be removed.
318 affect the file which
320 references in any way.
322 The second rule applies to symbolic links that reference files of type
324 Symbolic links which reference files of type directory are never
327 This is often referred to as a
329 walk, as opposed to a
331 walk (where symbolic links referencing directories are followed).
333 As consistently as possible, you can make commands doing a file tree
334 walk follow any symbolic links named on the command line, regardless
335 of the type of file they reference, by specifying the
340 This flag is intended to make the command line name space look
341 like the logical name space.
342 (Note, for commands that do not always do file tree traversals, the
344 flag will be ignored if the
346 flag is not also specified.)
348 For example, the command
349 .Dq Li "chown -HR user slink"
350 will traverse the file hierarchy rooted in the file pointed to by
354 is not the same as the previously discussed
359 flag causes symbolic links specified on the command line to be
360 dereferenced both for the purposes of the action to be performed
361 and the tree walk, and it is as if the user had specified the
362 name of the file to which the symbolic link pointed.
364 As consistently as possible, you can make commands doing a file tree
365 walk follow any symbolic links named on the command line, as well as
366 any symbolic links encountered during the traversal, regardless of
367 the type of file they reference, by specifying the
372 This flag is intended to make the entire name space look like
373 the logical name space.
374 (Note, for commands that do not always do file tree traversals, the
376 flag will be ignored if the
378 flag is not also specified.)
380 For example, the command
381 .Dq Li "chown -LR user slink"
382 will change the owner of the file referenced by
386 references a directory,
388 will traverse the file hierarchy rooted in the directory that it
390 In addition, if any symbolic links are encountered in any file tree that
392 traverses, they will be treated in the same fashion as
395 As consistently as possible, you can specify the default behavior by
401 This flag is intended to make the entire name space look like the
404 For commands that do not by default do file tree traversals, the
409 flags are ignored if the
411 flag is not also specified.
412 In addition, you may specify the
417 options more than once; the last one specified determines the
419 This is intended to permit you to alias commands to behave one way
420 or the other, and then override that behavior on the command line.
426 commands have exceptions to these rules.
429 command operates on the symbolic link, and not the file it references,
430 and therefore never follows a symbolic link.
433 command does not support the
440 To maintain compatibility with historic systems,
443 command acts a little differently.
444 If you do not specify the
451 will follow symbolic links specified on the command line.
456 follows all symbolic links,
457 regardless of their type,
458 whether specified on the command line or encountered in the tree walk.