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32 .\" @(#)ln.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 12/30/93
44 .Op Fl L | Fl P | Fl s Op Fl F
50 .Op Fl L | Fl P | Fl s Op Fl F
56 .Ar source_file Ar target_file
60 utility creates a new directory entry (linked file) for the file name
65 will be created with the same file modes as the
67 It is useful for maintaining multiple copies of a file in many places
68 at once without using up storage for the
73 There are two types of links; hard links and symbolic links.
76 to a file is one of the differences between a hard and symbolic link.
78 The options are as follows:
81 If the target file already exists and is a directory, then remove it
82 so that the link may occur.
85 option should be used with either
95 option is a no-op unless
99 When creating a hard link to a symbolic link,
100 create a hard link to the target of the symbolic link.
102 This option cancels the
106 When creating a hard link to a symbolic link,
107 create a hard link to the symbolic link itself.
108 This option cancels the
112 If the target file already exists,
113 then unlink it so that the link may occur.
116 option overrides any previous
126 is a symbolic link, do not follow it.
127 This is most useful with the
129 option, to replace a symlink which may point to a directory.
133 to write a prompt to standard error if the target file exists.
134 If the response from the standard input begins with the character
138 then unlink the target file so that the link may occur.
139 Otherwise, do not attempt the link.
142 option overrides any previous
148 for compatibility with other
152 Create a symbolic link.
156 to be verbose, showing files as they are processed.
158 Warn if the source of a symbolic link does not currently exist.
166 A hard link to a file is indistinguishable from the original directory entry;
167 any changes to a file are effectively independent of the name used to reference
169 Directories may not be hardlinked, and hard links may not span file systems.
171 A symbolic link contains the name of the file to
173 The referenced file is used when an
175 operation is performed on the link.
178 on a symbolic link will return the linked-to file; an
180 must be done to obtain information about the link.
183 call may be used to read the contents of a symbolic link.
184 Symbolic links may span file systems and may refer to directories.
186 Given one or two arguments,
188 creates a link to an existing file
192 is given, the link has that name;
194 may also be a directory in which to place the link;
195 otherwise it is placed in the current directory.
196 If only the directory is specified, the link will be made
197 to the last component of
200 Given more than two arguments,
204 to all the named source files.
205 The links made will have the same name as the files being linked to.
207 When the utility is called as
209 exactly two arguments must be supplied,
210 neither of which may specify a directory.
211 No options may be supplied in this simple mode of operation,
214 operation using the two passed arguments.
216 Create a symbolic link named
221 .Dl # ln -s /usr/src /home/src
224 .Pa /usr/local/bin/fooprog
226 .Pa /usr/local/bin/fooprog-1.0 :
228 .Dl # ln /usr/local/bin/fooprog-1.0 /usr/local/bin/fooprog
230 As an exercise, try the following commands:
231 .Bd -literal -offset indent
238 Note that both files have the same inode; that is,
240 is essentially an alias for the
243 This hard link exists so
245 may be invoked from shell scripts, for example, using the
249 In the next example, the second call to
253 and creates a replacement pointing to
255 .Bd -literal -offset indent
263 option, this would instead leave
272 This results from directory-walking.
274 An easy rule to remember is that the argument order for
278 The first argument needs to exist, the second one is created.
287 options are non-standard and their use in scripts is not recommended.
288 They are provided solely for compatibility with other
296 extension and should not be used in portable scripts.