1 <title>Raw VBI Data Interface</title>
3 <para>VBI is an abbreviation of Vertical Blanking Interval, a gap
4 in the sequence of lines of an analog video signal. During VBI
5 no picture information is transmitted, allowing some time while the
6 electron beam of a cathode ray tube TV returns to the top of the
7 screen. Using an oscilloscope you will find here the vertical
8 synchronization pulses and short data packages ASK
9 modulated<footnote><para>ASK: Amplitude-Shift Keying. A high signal
10 level represents a '1' bit, a low level a '0' bit.</para></footnote>
11 onto the video signal. These are transmissions of services such as
12 Teletext or Closed Caption.</para>
14 <para>Subject of this interface type is raw VBI data, as sampled off
15 a video signal, or to be added to a signal for output.
16 The data format is similar to uncompressed video images, a number of
17 lines times a number of samples per line, we call this a VBI image.</para>
19 <para>Conventionally V4L2 VBI devices are accessed through character
20 device special files named <filename>/dev/vbi</filename> and
21 <filename>/dev/vbi0</filename> to <filename>/dev/vbi31</filename> with
22 major number 81 and minor numbers 224 to 255.
23 <filename>/dev/vbi</filename> is typically a symbolic link to the
24 preferred VBI device. This convention applies to both input and output
27 <para>To address the problems of finding related video and VBI
28 devices VBI capturing and output is also available as device function
29 under <filename>/dev/video</filename>. To capture or output raw VBI
30 data with these devices applications must call the &VIDIOC-S-FMT;
31 ioctl. Accessed as <filename>/dev/vbi</filename>, raw VBI capturing
32 or output is the default device function.</para>
35 <title>Querying Capabilities</title>
37 <para>Devices supporting the raw VBI capturing or output API set
38 the <constant>V4L2_CAP_VBI_CAPTURE</constant> or
39 <constant>V4L2_CAP_VBI_OUTPUT</constant> flags, respectively, in the
40 <structfield>capabilities</structfield> field of &v4l2-capability;
41 returned by the &VIDIOC-QUERYCAP; ioctl. At least one of the
42 read/write, streaming or asynchronous I/O methods must be
43 supported. VBI devices may or may not have a tuner or modulator.</para>
47 <title>Supplemental Functions</title>
49 <para>VBI devices shall support <link linkend="video">video
50 input or output</link>, <link linkend="tuner">tuner or
51 modulator</link>, and <link linkend="control">controls</link> ioctls
52 as needed. The <link linkend="standard">video standard</link> ioctls provide
53 information vital to program a VBI device, therefore must be
58 <title>Raw VBI Format Negotiation</title>
60 <para>Raw VBI sampling abilities can vary, in particular the
61 sampling frequency. To properly interpret the data V4L2 specifies an
62 ioctl to query the sampling parameters. Moreover, to allow for some
63 flexibility applications can also suggest different parameters.</para>
65 <para>As usual these parameters are <emphasis>not</emphasis>
66 reset at &func-open; time to permit Unix tool chains, programming a
67 device and then reading from it as if it was a plain file. Well
68 written V4L2 applications should always ensure they really get what
69 they want, requesting reasonable parameters and then checking if the
70 actual parameters are suitable.</para>
72 <para>To query the current raw VBI capture parameters
73 applications set the <structfield>type</structfield> field of a
74 &v4l2-format; to <constant>V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VBI_CAPTURE</constant> or
75 <constant>V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VBI_OUTPUT</constant>, and call the
76 &VIDIOC-G-FMT; ioctl with a pointer to this structure. Drivers fill
77 the &v4l2-vbi-format; <structfield>vbi</structfield> member of the
78 <structfield>fmt</structfield> union.</para>
80 <para>To request different parameters applications set the
81 <structfield>type</structfield> field of a &v4l2-format; as above and
82 initialize all fields of the &v4l2-vbi-format;
83 <structfield>vbi</structfield> member of the
84 <structfield>fmt</structfield> union, or better just modify the
85 results of <constant>VIDIOC_G_FMT</constant>, and call the
86 &VIDIOC-S-FMT; ioctl with a pointer to this structure. Drivers return
87 an &EINVAL; only when the given parameters are ambiguous, otherwise
88 they modify the parameters according to the hardware capabilites and
89 return the actual parameters. When the driver allocates resources at
90 this point, it may return an &EBUSY; to indicate the returned
91 parameters are valid but the required resources are currently not
92 available. That may happen for instance when the video and VBI areas
93 to capture would overlap, or when the driver supports multiple opens
94 and another process already requested VBI capturing or output. Anyway,
95 applications must expect other resource allocation points which may
96 return <errorcode>EBUSY</errorcode>, at the &VIDIOC-STREAMON; ioctl
97 and the first read(), write() and select() call.</para>
99 <para>VBI devices must implement both the
100 <constant>VIDIOC_G_FMT</constant> and
101 <constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant> ioctl, even if
102 <constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant> ignores all requests and always
103 returns default parameters as <constant>VIDIOC_G_FMT</constant> does.
104 <constant>VIDIOC_TRY_FMT</constant> is optional.</para>
106 <table pgwide="1" frame="none" id="v4l2-vbi-format">
107 <title>struct <structname>v4l2_vbi_format</structname></title>
113 <entry><structfield>sampling_rate</structfield></entry>
114 <entry>Samples per second, i. e. unit 1 Hz.</entry>
118 <entry><structfield>offset</structfield></entry>
119 <entry><para>Horizontal offset of the VBI image,
120 relative to the leading edge of the line synchronization pulse and
121 counted in samples: The first sample in the VBI image will be located
122 <structfield>offset</structfield> /
123 <structfield>sampling_rate</structfield> seconds following the leading
124 edge. See also <xref linkend="vbi-hsync" />.</para></entry>
128 <entry><structfield>samples_per_line</structfield></entry>
133 <entry><structfield>sample_format</structfield></entry>
134 <entry><para>Defines the sample format as in <xref
135 linkend="pixfmt" />, a four-character-code.<footnote>
136 <para>A few devices may be unable to
137 sample VBI data at all but can extend the video capture window to the
139 </footnote> Usually this is
140 <constant>V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY</constant>, i. e. each sample
141 consists of 8 bits with lower values oriented towards the black level.
142 Do not assume any other correlation of values with the signal level.
143 For example, the MSB does not necessarily indicate if the signal is
144 'high' or 'low' because 128 may not be the mean value of the
145 signal. Drivers shall not convert the sample format by software.</para></entry>
149 <entry><structfield>start</structfield>[2]</entry>
150 <entry>This is the scanning system line number
151 associated with the first line of the VBI image, of the first and the
152 second field respectively. See <xref linkend="vbi-525" /> and
153 <xref linkend="vbi-625" /> for valid values. VBI input drivers can
154 return start values 0 if the hardware cannot reliable identify
155 scanning lines, VBI acquisition may not require this
160 <entry><structfield>count</structfield>[2]</entry>
161 <entry>The number of lines in the first and second
162 field image, respectively.</entry>
165 <entry spanname="hspan"><para>Drivers should be as
166 flexibility as possible. For example, it may be possible to extend or
167 move the VBI capture window down to the picture area, implementing a
168 'full field mode' to capture data service transmissions embedded in
169 the picture.</para><para>An application can set the first or second
170 <structfield>count</structfield> value to zero if no data is required
171 from the respective field; <structfield>count</structfield>[1] if the
172 scanning system is progressive, &ie; not interlaced. The
173 corresponding start value shall be ignored by the application and
174 driver. Anyway, drivers may not support single field capturing and
175 return both count values non-zero.</para><para>Both
176 <structfield>count</structfield> values set to zero, or line numbers
177 outside the bounds depicted in <xref linkend="vbi-525" /> and <xref
178 linkend="vbi-625" />, or a field image covering
179 lines of two fields, are invalid and shall not be returned by the
180 driver.</para><para>To initialize the <structfield>start</structfield>
181 and <structfield>count</structfield> fields, applications must first
182 determine the current video standard selection. The &v4l2-std-id; or
183 the <structfield>framelines</structfield> field of &v4l2-standard; can
184 be evaluated for this purpose.</para></entry>
188 <entry><structfield>flags</structfield></entry>
189 <entry>See <xref linkend="vbifmt-flags" /> below. Currently
190 only drivers set flags, applications must set this field to
195 <entry><structfield>reserved</structfield>[2]</entry>
196 <entry>This array is reserved for future extensions.
197 Drivers and applications must set it to zero.</entry>
203 <table pgwide="1" frame="none" id="vbifmt-flags">
204 <title>Raw VBI Format Flags</title>
209 <entry><constant>V4L2_VBI_UNSYNC</constant></entry>
210 <entry>0x0001</entry>
211 <entry><para>This flag indicates hardware which does not
212 properly distinguish between fields. Normally the VBI image stores the
213 first field (lower scanning line numbers) first in memory. This may be
214 a top or bottom field depending on the video standard. When this flag
215 is set the first or second field may be stored first, however the
216 fields are still in correct temporal order with the older field first
218 <para>Most VBI services transmit on both fields, but
219 some have different semantics depending on the field number. These
220 cannot be reliable decoded or encoded when
221 <constant>V4L2_VBI_UNSYNC</constant> is set.</para>
222 </footnote></para></entry>
225 <entry><constant>V4L2_VBI_INTERLACED</constant></entry>
226 <entry>0x0002</entry>
227 <entry>By default the two field images will be passed
228 sequentially; all lines of the first field followed by all lines of
229 the second field (compare <xref linkend="field-order" />
230 <constant>V4L2_FIELD_SEQ_TB</constant> and
231 <constant>V4L2_FIELD_SEQ_BT</constant>, whether the top or bottom
232 field is first in memory depends on the video standard). When this
233 flag is set, the two fields are interlaced (cf.
234 <constant>V4L2_FIELD_INTERLACED</constant>). The first line of the
235 first field followed by the first line of the second field, then the
236 two second lines, and so on. Such a layout may be necessary when the
237 hardware has been programmed to capture or output interlaced video
238 images and is unable to separate the fields for VBI capturing at
239 the same time. For simplicity setting this flag implies that both
240 <structfield>count</structfield> values are equal and non-zero.</entry>
246 <figure id="vbi-hsync">
247 <title>Line synchronization</title>
250 <imagedata fileref="vbi_hsync.pdf" format="PS" />
253 <imagedata fileref="vbi_hsync.gif" format="GIF" />
256 <phrase>Line synchronization diagram</phrase>
261 <figure id="vbi-525">
262 <title>ITU-R 525 line numbering (M/NTSC and M/PAL)</title>
265 <imagedata fileref="vbi_525.pdf" format="PS" />
268 <imagedata fileref="vbi_525.gif" format="GIF" />
271 <phrase>NTSC field synchronization diagram</phrase>
274 <para>(1) For the purpose of this specification field 2
275 starts in line 264 and not 263.5 because half line capturing is not
281 <figure id="vbi-625">
282 <title>ITU-R 625 line numbering</title>
285 <imagedata fileref="vbi_625.pdf" format="PS" />
288 <imagedata fileref="vbi_625.gif" format="GIF" />
291 <phrase>PAL/SECAM field synchronization diagram</phrase>
294 <para>(1) For the purpose of this specification field 2
295 starts in line 314 and not 313.5 because half line capturing is not
301 <para>Remember the VBI image format depends on the selected
302 video standard, therefore the application must choose a new standard or
303 query the current standard first. Attempts to read or write data ahead
304 of format negotiation, or after switching the video standard which may
305 invalidate the negotiated VBI parameters, should be refused by the
306 driver. A format change during active I/O is not permitted.</para>
310 <title>Reading and writing VBI images</title>
312 <para>To assure synchronization with the field number and easier
313 implementation, the smallest unit of data passed at a time is one
314 frame, consisting of two fields of VBI images immediately following in
317 <para>The total size of a frame computes as follows:</para>
320 (<structfield>count</structfield>[0] + <structfield>count</structfield>[1]) *
321 <structfield>samples_per_line</structfield> * sample size in bytes</programlisting>
323 <para>The sample size is most likely always one byte,
324 applications must check the <structfield>sample_format</structfield>
325 field though, to function properly with other drivers.</para>
327 <para>A VBI device may support <link
328 linkend="rw">read/write</link> and/or streaming (<link
329 linkend="mmap">memory mapping</link> or <link
330 linkend="userp">user pointer</link>) I/O. The latter bears the
331 possibility of synchronizing video and
332 VBI data by using buffer timestamps.</para>
334 <para>Remember the &VIDIOC-STREAMON; ioctl and the first read(),
335 write() and select() call can be resource allocation points returning
336 an &EBUSY; if the required hardware resources are temporarily
337 unavailable, for example the device is already in use by another
344 sgml-parent-document: "v4l2.sgml"
345 indent-tabs-mode: nil