1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001,
3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
5 @node Major Modes, Indentation, International, Top
9 @kindex TAB @r{(and major modes)}
10 @kindex DEL @r{(and major modes)}
11 @kindex C-j @r{(and major modes)}
13 Emacs provides many alternative @dfn{major modes}, each of which
14 customizes Emacs for editing text of a particular sort. The major modes
15 are mutually exclusive, and each buffer has one major mode at any time.
16 The mode line normally shows the name of the current major mode, in
17 parentheses (@pxref{Mode Line}).
19 The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}.
20 This mode has no mode-specific redefinitions or variable settings, so
21 that each Emacs command behaves in its most general manner, and each
22 user option variable is in its default state. For editing text of a
23 specific type that Emacs knows about, such as Lisp code or English
24 text, you should switch to the appropriate major mode, such as Lisp
27 Selecting a major mode changes the meanings of a few keys to become
28 more specifically adapted to the language being edited. The ones that
29 are changed frequently are @key{TAB}, @key{DEL}, and @kbd{C-j}. The
30 prefix key @kbd{C-c} normally contains mode-specific commands. In
31 addition, the commands which handle comments use the mode to determine
32 how comments are to be delimited. Many major modes redefine the
33 syntactical properties of characters appearing in the buffer.
36 The major modes fall into three major groups. The first group
37 contains modes for normal text, either plain or with mark-up. It
38 includes Text mode, HTML mode, SGML mode, @TeX{} mode and Outline
39 mode. The second group contains modes for specific programming
40 languages. These include Lisp mode (which has several variants), C
41 mode, Fortran mode, and others. The remaining major modes are not
42 intended for use on users' files; they are used in buffers created for
43 specific purposes by Emacs, such as Dired mode for buffers made by
44 Dired (@pxref{Dired}), Mail mode for buffers made by @kbd{C-x m}
45 (@pxref{Sending Mail}), and Shell mode for buffers used for
46 communicating with an inferior shell process (@pxref{Interactive
49 Most programming-language major modes specify that only blank lines
50 separate paragraphs. This is to make the paragraph commands useful.
51 (@xref{Paragraphs}.) They also cause Auto Fill mode to use the
52 definition of @key{TAB} to indent the new lines it creates. This is
53 because most lines in a program are usually indented
54 (@pxref{Indentation}).
57 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
60 @node Choosing Modes,,Major Modes,Major Modes
61 @section How Major Modes are Chosen
63 @cindex choosing a major mode
64 You can select a major mode explicitly for the current buffer, but
65 most of the time Emacs determines which mode to use based on the file
66 name or on special text in the file.
68 Explicit selection of a new major mode is done with a @kbd{M-x} command.
69 From the name of a major mode, add @code{-mode} to get the name of a
70 command to select that mode. Thus, you can enter Lisp mode by executing
73 @vindex auto-mode-alist
74 When you visit a file, Emacs usually chooses the right major mode based
75 on the file's name. For example, files whose names end in @samp{.c} are
76 edited in C mode. The correspondence between file names and major modes is
77 controlled by the variable @code{auto-mode-alist}. Its value is a list in
78 which each element has this form,
81 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function})
88 (@var{regexp} @var{mode-function} @var{flag})
92 For example, one element normally found in the list has the form
93 @code{(@t{"\\.c\\'"} . c-mode)}, and it is responsible for selecting C
94 mode for files whose names end in @file{.c}. (Note that @samp{\\} is
95 needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in the string, which must
96 be used to suppress the special meaning of @samp{.} in regexps.) If
97 the element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} @var{mode-function}
98 @var{flag})} and @var{flag} is non-@code{nil}, then after calling
99 @var{mode-function}, Emacs discards the suffix that matched
100 @var{regexp} and searches the list again for another match.
102 @vindex magic-mode-alist
103 Sometimes the major mode is determined from the way the file's text
104 begins. The variable @code{magic-mode-alist} controls this. Its value
105 is a list of elements of this form:
108 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function})
112 This looks like an element of @code{auto-mode-alist}, but it doesn't work
113 the same: this @var{regexp} is matched against the text at the start
114 of the buffer, not against the file name. @code{magic-mode-alist}
115 takes priority over @code{auto-mode-alist}.
117 You can specify the major mode to use for editing a certain file by
118 special text in the first nonblank line of the file. The
119 mode name should appear in this line both preceded and followed by
120 @samp{-*-}. Other text may appear on the line as well. For example,
127 tells Emacs to use Lisp mode. Such an explicit specification overrides
128 any defaults based on the file name. Note how the semicolon is used
129 to make Lisp treat this line as a comment.
131 Another format of mode specification is
134 -*- mode: @var{modename};-*-
138 which allows you to specify local variables as well, like this:
141 -*- mode: @var{modename}; @var{var}: @var{value}; @dots{} -*-
145 @xref{File Variables}, for more information about this.
147 @vindex interpreter-mode-alist
148 When a file's contents begin with @samp{#!}, it can serve as an
149 executable shell command, which works by running an interpreter named on
150 the file's first line. The rest of the file is used as input to the
153 When you visit such a file in Emacs, if the file's name does not
154 specify a major mode, Emacs uses the interpreter name on the first line
155 to choose a mode. If the first line is the name of a recognized
156 interpreter program, such as @samp{perl} or @samp{tcl}, Emacs uses a
157 mode appropriate for programs for that interpreter. The variable
158 @code{interpreter-mode-alist} specifies the correspondence between
159 interpreter program names and major modes.
161 When the first line starts with @samp{#!}, you cannot (on many
162 systems) use the @samp{-*-} feature on the first line, because the
163 system would get confused when running the interpreter. So Emacs looks
164 for @samp{-*-} on the second line in such files as well as on the
167 @vindex default-major-mode
168 When you visit a file that does not specify a major mode to use, or
169 when you create a new buffer with @kbd{C-x b}, the variable
170 @code{default-major-mode} specifies which major mode to use. Normally
171 its value is the symbol @code{fundamental-mode}, which specifies
172 Fundamental mode. If @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, the major
173 mode is taken from the previously current buffer.
176 If you change the major mode of a buffer, you can go back to the major
177 mode Emacs would choose automatically: use the command @kbd{M-x
178 normal-mode} to do this. This is the same function that
179 @code{find-file} calls to choose the major mode. It also processes
180 the file's @samp{-*-} line or local variables list (if any).
181 @xref{File Variables}.
183 @vindex change-major-mode-with-file-name
184 The commands @kbd{C-x C-w} and @code{set-visited-file-name} change to
185 a new major mode if the new file name implies a mode (@pxref{Saving}).
186 (@kbd{C-x C-s} does this too, if the buffer wasn't visiting a file.)
187 However, this does not happen if the buffer contents specify a major
188 mode, and certain ``special'' major modes do not allow the mode to
189 change. You can turn off this mode-changing feature by setting
190 @code{change-major-mode-with-file-name} to @code{nil}.
193 arch-tag: f2558800-cf32-4839-8acb-7d3b4df2a155