1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 2001-2011
3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
6 @chapter Entering and Exiting Emacs
8 This chapter explains how to enter Emacs, and how to exit it.
15 @node Entering Emacs, Exiting, Commands, Top
16 @section Entering Emacs
17 @cindex entering Emacs
18 @cindex starting Emacs
20 The usual way to invoke Emacs is with the shell command
21 @command{emacs}. From a terminal window running in the X Window
22 System, you can also run Emacs in the background with
23 @command{emacs&}; this way, Emacs won't tie up the terminal window, so
24 you can use it to run other shell commands.
26 @cindex startup screen
27 When Emacs starts up, the initial frame displays a special buffer
28 named @samp{*GNU Emacs*}. This buffer contains some information about
29 Emacs, and includes @dfn{links} to common tasks that might be useful
30 to beginning users. For instance, activating the @samp{Emacs
31 Tutorial} link opens the Emacs tutorial; this does the same thing as
32 the command @kbd{C-h t} (@code{help-with-tutorial}). To activate a
33 link, either move point onto it and type @kbd{@key{RET}}, or click on
34 it with @kbd{mouse-1} (the left mouse button).
36 Using a command line argument, you can tell Emacs to visit one or
37 more specific files as soon as it starts up. For example,
38 @command{emacs foo.txt} starts Emacs with a buffer displaying the
39 contents of the file @samp{foo.txt}. This feature exists mainly for
40 compatibility with other editors, which are designed to edit one file
41 at a time: once you are done with that file, you exit the editor, and
42 start it again the next time you need it.
44 Using Emacs in this way---starting it afresh each time you want to
45 edit a file---is unnecessary and wasteful. Emacs can visit more than
46 one file in a single editing session, and exiting the Emacs session
47 loses valuable accumulated context, such as the kill ring, registers,
48 undo history, and mark ring. These features, described later in the
49 manual, are useful for performing edits across multiple files, or
50 continuing edits to a single file.
52 The recommended way to use Emacs is to start it only once, just
53 after you log in, and do all your editing in the same Emacs session.
54 Each time you edit a file, visit it with the existing Emacs, which
55 eventually has many files in it ready for editing. @xref{Files}, for
56 more information on visiting more than one file.
58 To edit a file from another program while Emacs is running, you can
59 use the @command{emacsclient} helper program to open a file in the
60 already running Emacs. @xref{Emacs Server}.
62 Emacs accepts other command line arguments that tell it to load
63 certain Lisp files, call certain functions, and so forth. These
64 features exist mainly for advanced users. @xref{Emacs Invocation}.
66 @vindex inhibit-startup-screen
67 If the variable @code{inhibit-startup-screen} is non-@code{nil},
68 Emacs does not display the startup screen. In that case, if one or
69 more files were specified on the command line, Emacs simply displays
70 those files; otherwise, it displays a buffer named @samp{*scratch*},
71 which can be used to evaluate Emacs Lisp expressions interactively.
72 @xref{Lisp Interaction}. You can set the variable
73 @code{inhibit-startup-screen} using the Customize facility
74 (@pxref{Easy Customization}), or by editing your initialization file
75 (@pxref{Init File}).@footnote{Note that setting
76 @code{inhibit-startup-screen} in @file{site-start.el} doesn't work,
77 because the startup screen is set up before reading
78 @file{site-start.el}. @xref{Init File}, for information about
79 @file{site-start.el}.}
81 You can also force Emacs to display a file or directory at startup
82 by setting the variable @code{initial-buffer-choice} to a
83 non-@code{nil} value. (In that case, even if you specify one or more
84 files on the command line, Emacs opens but does not display them.)
85 The value of @code{initial-buffer-choice} can be either the name of
86 the desired file or directory, or @code{t}, which means to display the
87 @samp{*scratch*} buffer.
89 @node Exiting, Basic, Entering Emacs, Top
90 @section Exiting Emacs
94 @cindex quitting Emacs
98 Kill Emacs (@code{save-buffers-kill-terminal}).
100 On a text terminal, suspend Emacs; on a graphical display,
101 ``minimize'' the selected frame (@code{suspend-emacs}).
105 @findex save-buffers-kill-terminal
106 @dfn{Killing} Emacs means terminating the Emacs program. To do
107 this, type @kbd{C-x C-c} (@code{save-buffers-kill-terminal}). A
108 two-character key is used to make it harder to type by accident. If
109 there are any modified file-visiting buffers when you type @kbd{C-x
110 C-c}, Emacs first offers to save these buffers. If you do not save
111 them all, it asks for confirmation again, since the unsaved changes
112 will be lost. Emacs also asks for confirmation if any subprocesses
113 are still running, since killing Emacs will also kill the subprocesses
116 @kbd{C-x C-c} behaves specially if you are using Emacs as a server.
117 If you type it from a ``client frame'', it closes the client
118 connection. @xref{Emacs Server}.
120 Emacs can, optionally, record certain session information when you
121 kill it, such as the files you were visiting at the time. This
122 information is then available the next time you start Emacs.
123 @xref{Saving Emacs Sessions}.
125 @vindex confirm-kill-emacs
126 If the value of the variable @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is
127 non-@code{nil}, @kbd{C-x C-c} assumes that its value is a predicate
128 function, and calls that function. If the result of the function call
129 is non-@code{nil}, the session is killed, otherwise Emacs continues to
130 run. One convenient function to use as the value of
131 @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is the function @code{yes-or-no-p}. The
132 default value of @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is @code{nil}.
135 To kill Emacs without being prompted about saving, type @kbd{M-x
138 @cindex minimizing a frame
141 You can ``exit'' Emacs in two other ways. On a graphical display,
142 you can @dfn{minimize} (or @dfn{iconify}) an Emacs frame; depending on
143 the window system, this either replaces the Emacs frame with a tiny
144 ``icon'' or conceals the frame entirely (@pxref{Frames}). On a
145 text-only terminal, you can @dfn{suspend} Emacs; this means stopping
146 the Emacs program temporarily, returning control to its parent process
150 @findex suspend-frame
151 @kbd{C-z} runs the command @code{suspend-frame}. On a graphical
152 display, this ``minimizes'' (or ``iconifies'') the selected Emacs
153 frame. On a text terminal, this suspends the Emacs process.
155 After minimizing or suspending Emacs, you can return to it and
156 continue editing wherever you left off. The way to do this depends on
157 the window system or shell. In most common shells, you can resume
158 Emacs after suspending it with the shell command @command{%emacs}.
160 @vindex cannot-suspend
161 On very old systems that don't support suspending programs,
162 @kbd{C-z} starts an inferior shell that communicates directly with the
163 terminal, and Emacs waits until you exit the subshell. (The way to
164 exit the subshell is usually @kbd{C-d} or @command{exit}.) On these
165 systems, you can only get back to the shell from which Emacs was run
166 (to log out, for example) when you kill Emacs. Suspending can also
167 fail if you run Emacs under a shell that doesn't support suspending
168 jobs, even if the system itself does support it. In this case, you
169 can set the variable @code{cannot-suspend} to a non-@code{nil} value
170 to force @kbd{C-z} to start an inferior shell.
172 Text-only terminals usually listen for certain special characters
173 whose meaning is to kill or suspend the program you are running.
174 @b{This terminal feature is turned off while you are in Emacs.} The
175 meanings of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-x C-c} as keys in Emacs were inspired
176 by the use of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c} on several operating systems as
177 the characters for stopping or killing a program, but that is their
178 only relationship with the operating system. You can customize these
179 keys to run any commands of your choice (@pxref{Keymaps}).