1 .\" Copyright (C) 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 .\" This file is part of GNU Emacs.
5 .\" GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
6 .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
7 .\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
10 .\" GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11 .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12 .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
13 .\" GNU General Public License for more details.
15 .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16 .\" along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the
17 .\" Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
18 .\" Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
21 .TH EMACS 1 "1995 December 7"
24 emacs \- GNU project Emacs
28 .I command-line switches
37 written by the author of the original (PDP-10)
41 The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual,
42 which you can read on line using Info, a subsystem of Emacs. Please
43 look there for complete and up-to-date documentation. This man page
44 is updated only when someone volunteers to do so; the Emacs
45 maintainers' priority goal is to minimize the amount of time this man
46 page takes away from other more useful projects.
48 The user functionality of GNU Emacs encompasses
51 editors do, and it is easily extensible since its
52 editing commands are written in Lisp.
55 has an extensive interactive help facility,
56 but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate
60 or CTRL-h) enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t)
61 requests an interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamentals
65 Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you
66 find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c)
67 describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f)
68 describes a given Lisp function specified by name.
71 Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is
72 easy to recover from editing mistakes.
75 many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail),
76 outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells
79 windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop
80 (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor).
82 There is an extensive reference manual, but
83 users of other Emacses
84 should have little trouble adapting even
85 without a copy. Users new to
88 to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and
89 using the self-documentation features.
93 The following options are of general interest:
100 Go to the line specified by
102 (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and
106 Do not load an init file.
116 as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout.
117 This must be the first argument specified in the command line.
119 The following options are lisp-oriented
120 (these options are processed in the order encountered):
123 Execute the lisp function
127 Load the lisp code in the file
130 The following options are useful when running
135 Edit in batch mode. The editor will send messages to stderr. This
136 option must be the first in the argument list. You must use -l and -f
137 options to specify files to execute and functions to call.
143 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
145 .SM Using Emacs with X
148 has been tailored to work well with the X window system.
151 from under X windows, it will create its own X window to
152 display in. You will probably want to start the editor
153 as a background process
154 so that you can continue using your original window.
157 can be started with the following X switches:
160 Specifies the name which should be assigned to the initial
162 window. This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title.
165 Specifies the title for the initial X window.
170 window in reverse video.
173 Use the "kitchen sink" bitmap icon when iconifying the
177 .BI \-font " font, " \-fn " font"
180 window's font to that specified by
182 You will find the various
185 .I /usr/lib/X11/fonts
189 will only accept fixed width fonts.
190 Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the
191 value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed
192 width font. Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form
194 are generally fixed width, as is the font
198 for more information.
200 When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the
201 switch and the font name.
206 window's border width to the number of pixels specified by
208 Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window.
211 Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified
214 Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window.
217 .BI \-geometry " geometry"
220 window's width, height, and position as specified. The geometry
221 specification is in the standard X format; see
223 for more information.
224 The width and height are specified in characters; the default is 80 by
229 On color displays, sets the color of the text.
232 .I /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt
238 sets the color of the window's background.
242 sets the color of the window's border.
246 sets the color of the window's text cursor.
250 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.
252 .BI \-d " displayname, " \-display " displayname"
255 window on the display specified by
257 Must be the first option specified in the command line.
262 not to use its special interface to X. If you use this
267 window, display is done in that window.
268 This must be the first option specified in the command line.
272 default values for your
278 Use the following format:
284 specifies the default value of
287 lets you set default values for the following keywords:
289 .B font (\fPclass\fB Font)
290 Sets the window's text font.
292 .B reverseVideo (\fPclass\fB ReverseVideo)
297 the window will be displayed in reverse video.
299 .B bitmapIcon (\fPclass\fB BitmapIcon)
304 the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink."
306 .B borderWidth (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth)
307 Sets the window's border width in pixels.
309 .B internalBorder (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth)
310 Sets the window's internal border width in pixels.
312 .B foreground (\fPclass\fB Foreground)
314 sets the window's text color.
316 .B background (\fPclass\fB Background)
318 sets the window's background color.
320 .B borderColor (\fPclass\fB BorderColor)
322 sets the color of the window's border.
324 .B cursorColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground)
326 sets the color of the window's text cursor.
328 .B pointerColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground)
330 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.
332 .B geometry (\fPclass\fB Geometry)
333 Sets the geometry of the
335 window (as described above).
337 .B title (\fPclass\fB Title)
338 Sets the title of the
342 .B iconName (\fPclass\fB Title)
343 Sets the icon name for the
347 If you try to set color values while using a black and white display,
348 the window's characteristics will default as follows:
349 the foreground color will be set to black,
350 the background color will be set to white,
351 the border color will be set to grey,
352 and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black.
356 The following lists the mouse button bindings for the
362 MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION
365 right Cut text into X cut buffer.
366 SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer.
367 SHIFT-right Paste text.
368 CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it.
370 Select this window, then split it into
371 two windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 2.
373 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS
375 X buffer menu--hold the buttons and keys
376 down, wait for menu to appear, select
377 buffer, and release. Move mouse out of
378 menu and release to cancel.
380 CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu--pop up index card menu for Emacs help.
381 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS
383 Select window with mouse, and delete all
384 other windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 1.
386 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
390 You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free
391 Software Foundation, which develops GNU software. See the file ORDERS
392 for ordering information.
394 Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. As
395 with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to
396 make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. The TeX source to the
397 manual is also included in the Emacs source distribution.
400 /usr/local/info - files for the Info documentation browser
401 (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not much of Unix
402 is documented here, but the complete text of the Emacs reference
403 manual is included in a convenient tree structured form.
405 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/src - C source files and object files
407 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled files
408 that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded;
409 others are autoloaded from this directory when used.
411 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc - various programs that are used with
412 GNU Emacs, and some files of information.
414 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* - contains the documentation
415 strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions
416 of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of
419 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/OTHER.EMACSES discusses GNU Emacs
420 vs. other versions of Emacs.
422 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering
423 various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education,
424 troubleshooting, porting and customization.
426 These files also have information useful to anyone wishing to write
427 programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language, which has not yet been fully
430 /usr/local/com/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for all
431 files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous modification
432 of one file by two users.
434 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
435 /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt - list of valid X color names.
436 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
439 There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on the internet
440 (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs
441 bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try
442 to be sure that it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a
443 deliberate feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs
444 Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints
445 on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of
446 the Emacs you are running in \fIevery\fR bug report that you send in.
448 Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting
449 bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible.
450 For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for
451 a list of people who offer it.
453 Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list.
454 Send requests to be added to mailing lists to the special list
455 info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu (or the corresponding UUCP
456 address). For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the
457 file /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to be
458 fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report
459 them in such a way that they can be easily reproduced.
461 Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with programs
462 running in Raw mode on some Unix versions.
466 is free; anyone may redistribute copies of
469 anyone under the terms stated in the
471 General Public License,
472 a copy of which accompanies each copy of
475 appears in the reference manual.
479 may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems,
480 but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those
481 systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution
482 is permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public
483 License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions
487 Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend
490 you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU
491 (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Berkeley
493 Everyone will be free to use, copy, study and change the GNU system.
495 X(1), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1)
499 was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation.
500 Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features.
505 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
507 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
508 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
509 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
510 with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and no
513 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free
514 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document
515 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the
516 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.
517 A copy of the license is included in the
519 man page, and in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
520 License" in the Emacs manual.