1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001,
3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
5 @node Major Modes, Indentation, International, Top
9 @kindex TAB @r{(and major modes)}
10 @kindex DEL @r{(and major modes)}
11 @kindex C-j @r{(and major modes)}
13 Emacs provides many alternative @dfn{major modes}, each of which
14 customizes Emacs for editing text of a particular sort. The major modes
15 are mutually exclusive, and each buffer has one major mode at any time.
16 The mode line normally shows the name of the current major mode, in
17 parentheses (@pxref{Mode Line}).
19 The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}.
20 This mode has no mode-specific redefinitions or variable settings, so
21 that each Emacs command behaves in its most general manner, and each
22 user option variable is in its default state. For editing text of a
23 specific type that Emacs knows about, such as Lisp code or English
24 text, you should switch to the appropriate major mode, such as Lisp
27 Selecting a major mode changes the meanings of a few keys to become
28 more specifically adapted to the language being edited. The ones that
29 are changed frequently are @key{TAB}, @key{DEL}, and @kbd{C-j}. The
30 prefix key @kbd{C-c} normally contains mode-specific commands. In
31 addition, the commands which handle comments use the mode to determine
32 how comments are to be delimited. Many major modes redefine the
33 syntactical properties of characters appearing in the buffer.
36 The major modes fall into three major groups. The first group
37 contains modes for normal text, either plain or with mark-up. It
38 includes Text mode, HTML mode, SGML mode, @TeX{} mode and Outline
39 mode. The second group contains modes for specific programming
40 languages. These include Lisp mode (which has several variants), C
41 mode, Fortran mode, and others. The remaining major modes are not
42 intended for use on users' files; they are used in buffers created for
43 specific purposes by Emacs, such as Dired mode for buffers made by
44 Dired (@pxref{Dired}), Mail mode for buffers made by @kbd{C-x m}
45 (@pxref{Sending Mail}), and Shell mode for buffers used for
46 communicating with an inferior shell process (@pxref{Interactive
49 Most programming-language major modes specify that only blank lines
50 separate paragraphs. This is to make the paragraph commands useful.
51 (@xref{Paragraphs}.) They also cause Auto Fill mode to use the
52 definition of @key{TAB} to indent the new lines it creates. This is
53 because most lines in a program are usually indented
54 (@pxref{Indentation}).
57 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
60 @node Choosing Modes,,Major Modes,Major Modes
61 @section How Major Modes are Chosen
63 @cindex choosing a major mode
64 You can select a major mode explicitly for the current buffer, but
65 most of the time Emacs determines which mode to use based on the file
66 name or on special text in the file.
68 To explicitly select a new major, you use an @kbd{M-x} command.
69 Take the name of a major mode and add @code{-mode} to get the name of
70 the command to select that mode. Thus, you can enter Lisp mode by
71 executing @kbd{M-x lisp-mode}.
73 @vindex auto-mode-alist
74 When you visit a file, Emacs usually chooses the right major mode based
75 on the file's name. For example, files whose names end in @samp{.c} are
76 edited in C mode. The correspondence between file names and major modes is
77 controlled by the variable @code{auto-mode-alist}. Its value is a list in
78 which each element has this form,
81 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function})
88 (@var{regexp} @var{mode-function} @var{flag})
92 For example, one element normally found in the list has the form
93 @code{(@t{"\\.c\\'"} . c-mode)}, and it is responsible for selecting C
94 mode for files whose names end in @file{.c}. (Note that @samp{\\} is
95 needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in the string, which must
96 be used to suppress the special meaning of @samp{.} in regexps.) If
97 the element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} @var{mode-function}
98 @var{flag})} and @var{flag} is non-@code{nil}, then after calling
99 @var{mode-function}, Emacs discards the suffix that matched
100 @var{regexp} and searches the list again for another match.
102 @vindex magic-mode-alist
103 Sometimes the major mode is determined from the way the file's text
104 begins. The variable @code{magic-mode-alist} controls this. Its value
105 is a list of elements of these forms:
108 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function})
109 (@var{match-function} . @var{mode-function})
113 The first form looks like an element of @code{auto-mode-alist}, but it
114 doesn't work the same: this @var{regexp} is matched against the text
115 at the start of the buffer, not against the file name. Likewise, the
116 second form calls @var{match-function} at the beginning of the buffer,
117 and if the function returns non-@code{nil}, the @var{mode-function} is
118 called. @code{magic-mode-alist} takes priority over
119 @code{auto-mode-alist}.
121 You can specify the major mode to use for editing a certain file by
122 special text in the first nonblank line of the file. The
123 mode name should appear in this line both preceded and followed by
124 @samp{-*-}. Other text may appear on the line as well. For example,
131 tells Emacs to use Lisp mode. Such an explicit specification overrides
132 any defaults based on the file name. Note how the semicolon is used
133 to make Lisp treat this line as a comment.
135 Another format of mode specification is
138 -*- mode: @var{modename};-*-
142 which allows you to specify local variables as well, like this:
145 -*- mode: @var{modename}; @var{var}: @var{value}; @dots{} -*-
149 @xref{File Variables}, for more information about this.
151 @vindex auto-mode-case-fold
152 On systems with case-insensitive file names, only a single
153 case-insensitive search through the @code{auto-mode-alist} is made.
154 On other systems, Emacs normally performs a single case-sensitive
155 search through the alist, but if you set this variable to a
156 non-@code{nil} value, Emacs will perform a second case-insensitive
157 search if the first search fails.
159 @vindex interpreter-mode-alist
160 When a file's contents begin with @samp{#!}, it can serve as an
161 executable shell command, which works by running an interpreter named on
162 the file's first line. The rest of the file is used as input to the
165 When you visit such a file in Emacs, if the file's name does not
166 specify a major mode, Emacs uses the interpreter name on the first line
167 to choose a mode. If the first line is the name of a recognized
168 interpreter program, such as @samp{perl} or @samp{tcl}, Emacs uses a
169 mode appropriate for programs for that interpreter. The variable
170 @code{interpreter-mode-alist} specifies the correspondence between
171 interpreter program names and major modes.
173 When the first line starts with @samp{#!}, you cannot (on many
174 systems) use the @samp{-*-} feature on the first line, because the
175 system would get confused when running the interpreter. So Emacs looks
176 for @samp{-*-} on the second line in such files as well as on the
179 @vindex default-major-mode
180 When you visit a file that does not specify a major mode to use, or
181 when you create a new buffer with @kbd{C-x b}, the variable
182 @code{default-major-mode} specifies which major mode to use. Normally
183 its value is the symbol @code{fundamental-mode}, which specifies
184 Fundamental mode. If @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, the major
185 mode is taken from the previously current buffer.
188 If you change the major mode of a buffer, you can go back to the major
189 mode Emacs would choose automatically: use the command @kbd{M-x
190 normal-mode} to do this. This is the same function that
191 @code{find-file} calls to choose the major mode. It also processes
192 the file's @samp{-*-} line or local variables list (if any).
193 @xref{File Variables}.
195 @vindex change-major-mode-with-file-name
196 The commands @kbd{C-x C-w} and @code{set-visited-file-name} change to
197 a new major mode if the new file name implies a mode (@pxref{Saving}).
198 (@kbd{C-x C-s} does this too, if the buffer wasn't visiting a file.)
199 However, this does not happen if the buffer contents specify a major
200 mode, and certain ``special'' major modes do not allow the mode to
201 change. You can turn off this mode-changing feature by setting
202 @code{change-major-mode-with-file-name} to @code{nil}.
205 arch-tag: f2558800-cf32-4839-8acb-7d3b4df2a155