1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 1997, 2001-2013 Free Software
4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
9 @cindex columns (indentation)
11 @cindex whitespace character
12 @dfn{Indentation} refers to inserting or adjusting @dfn{whitespace
13 characters} (space and/or tab characters) at the beginning of a line
14 of text. This chapter documents indentation commands and options
15 which are common to Text mode and related modes, as well as
16 programming language modes. @xref{Program Indent}, for additional
17 documentation about indenting in programming modes.
19 @findex indent-for-tab-command
20 @kindex TAB @r{(indentation)}
21 The simplest way to perform indentation is the @key{TAB} key. In
22 most major modes, this runs the command @code{indent-for-tab-command}.
23 (In C and related modes, @key{TAB} runs the command
24 @code{c-indent-line-or-region}, which behaves similarly).
28 Insert whitespace, or indent the current line, in a mode-appropriate
29 way (@code{indent-for-tab-command}). If the region is active, indent
30 all the lines within it.
33 The exact behavior of @key{TAB} depends on the major mode. In Text
34 mode and related major modes, @key{TAB} normally inserts some
35 combination of space and tab characters to advance point to the next
36 tab stop (@pxref{Tab Stops}). For this purpose, the position of the
37 first non-whitespace character on the preceding line is treated as an
38 additional tab stop, so you can use @key{TAB} to ``align'' point with
39 the preceding line. If the region is active (@pxref{Using Region}),
40 @key{TAB} acts specially: it indents each line in the region so that
41 its first non-whitespace character is aligned with the preceding line.
43 In programming modes, @key{TAB} indents the current line of code in
44 a way that makes sense given the code in the preceding lines. If the
45 region is active, all the lines in the region are indented this way.
46 If point was initially within the current line's indentation, it is
47 repositioned to the first non-whitespace character on the line.
49 If you just want to insert a tab character in the buffer, type
50 @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} (@pxref{Inserting Text}).
53 * Indentation Commands:: More commands for performing indentation.
54 * Tab Stops:: Stop points for indentation in Text modes.
55 * Just Spaces:: Using only space characters for indentation.
56 * Indent Convenience:: Optional indentation features.
59 @node Indentation Commands
60 @section Indentation Commands
62 Apart from the @key{TAB} (@code{indent-for-tab-command}) command,
63 Emacs provides a variety of commands to perform indentation in other
69 @findex newline-and-indent
70 Perform @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}).
75 Split the current line at point (@code{split-line}). The text on the
76 line after point becomes a new line, indented to the same column where
77 point is located. This command first moves point forward over any
78 spaces and tabs. Afterward, point is positioned before the inserted
82 @findex back-to-indentation
84 Move (forward or back) to the first non-whitespace character on the
85 current line (@code{back-to-indentation}). If there are no
86 non-whitespace characters on the line, move to the end of the line.
90 @findex tab-to-tab-stop
91 Indent whitespace at point, up to the next tab stop
92 (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}). @xref{Tab Stops}.
94 @findex indent-relative
95 @item M-x indent-relative
96 Insert whitespace at point, until point is aligned with the first
97 non-whitespace character on the previous line (actually, the last
98 non-blank line). If point is already farther right than that, run
99 @code{tab-to-tab-stop} instead---unless called with a numeric
100 argument, in which case do nothing.
104 @findex delete-indentation
105 Merge the previous and the current line (@code{delete-indentation}).
106 This ``joins'' the two lines cleanly, by replacing any indentation at
107 the front of the current line, together with the line boundary, with a
110 As a special case (useful for Lisp code), the single space is omitted
111 if the characters to be joined are consecutive opening and closing
112 parentheses, or if the junction follows another newline.
114 If there is a fill prefix, @kbd{M-^} deletes the fill prefix if it
115 appears after the newline that is deleted. @xref{Fill Prefix}.
119 @findex indent-region
120 Indent all the lines in the region, as though you had typed @key{TAB}
121 at the beginning of each line (@code{indent-region}).
123 If a numeric argument is supplied, indent every line in the region to
128 @findex indent-rigidly
129 @cindex remove indentation
130 Shift each line in the region by a fixed distance, to the right or
131 left (@code{indent-rigidly}). The distance to move is determined by
132 the numeric argument (positive to move rightward, negative to move
135 This command can be used to remove all indentation from the lines in
136 the region, by invoking it with a large negative argument,
137 e.g., @kbd{C-u -1000 C-x @key{TAB}}.
144 @vindex tab-stop-list
145 Emacs defines certain column numbers to be @dfn{tab stops}. These
146 are used as stopping points by @key{TAB} when inserting whitespace in
147 Text mode and related modes (@pxref{Indentation}), and by commands
148 like @kbd{M-i} (@pxref{Indentation Commands}). By default, tab stops
149 are located every 8 columns. These positions are stored in the
150 variable @code{tab-stop-list}, whose value is a list of column numbers
153 @findex edit-tab-stops
154 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Tab Stops)}
155 Instead of customizing the variable @code{tab-stop-list} directly, a
156 convenient way to view and set tab stops is via the command @kbd{M-x
157 edit-tab-stops}. This switches to a buffer containing a description
158 of the tab stop settings, which looks like this:
163 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
164 To install changes, type C-c C-c
168 The first line contains a colon at each tab stop. The numbers on the
169 next two lines are present just to indicate where the colons are.
171 You can edit this buffer to specify different tab stops by placing
172 colons on the desired columns. The buffer uses Overwrite mode
173 (@pxref{Minor Modes}). When you are done, type @kbd{C-c C-c} to make
174 the new tab stops take effect. Normally, the new tab stop settings
175 apply to all buffers. However, if you have made the
176 @code{tab-stop-list} variable local to the buffer where you called
177 @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops} (@pxref{Locals}), then the new tab stop
178 settings apply only to that buffer. To save the tab stop settings for
179 future Emacs sessions, use the Customize interface to save the value
180 of @code{tab-stop-list} (@pxref{Easy Customization}).
182 Note that the tab stops discussed in this section have nothing to do
183 with how tab characters are displayed in the buffer. Tab characters
184 are always displayed as empty spaces extending to the next
185 @dfn{display tab stop}. @xref{Text Display}.
188 @section Tabs vs. Spaces
191 Normally, indentation commands insert (or remove) an optimal mix of
192 space characters and tab characters to align to the desired column.
193 Tab characters are displayed as a stretch of empty space extending to
194 the next @dfn{display tab stop}. By default, there is one display tab
195 stop every @code{tab-width} columns (the default is 8). @xref{Text
198 @vindex indent-tabs-mode
199 If you prefer, all indentation can be made from spaces only. To
200 request this, set the buffer-local variable @code{indent-tabs-mode} to
201 @code{nil}. @xref{Locals}, for information about setting buffer-local
202 variables. Note, however, that @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} always inserts a
203 tab character, regardless of the value of @code{indent-tabs-mode}.
205 One reason to set @code{indent-tabs-mode} to @code{nil} is that not
206 all editors display tab characters in the same way. Emacs users, too,
207 may have different customized values of @code{tab-width}. By using
208 spaces only, you can make sure that your file always looks the same.
209 If you only care about how it looks within Emacs, another way to
210 tackle this problem is to set the @code{tab-width} variable in a
211 file-local variable (@pxref{File Variables}).
215 There are also commands to convert tabs to spaces or vice versa, always
216 preserving the columns of all non-whitespace text. @kbd{M-x tabify} scans the
217 region for sequences of spaces, and converts sequences of at least two
218 spaces to tabs if that can be done without changing indentation. @kbd{M-x
219 untabify} changes all tabs in the region to appropriate numbers of spaces.
221 @node Indent Convenience
222 @section Convenience Features for Indentation
224 @vindex tab-always-indent
225 The variable @code{tab-always-indent} tweaks the behavior of the
226 @key{TAB} (@code{indent-for-tab-command}) command. The default value,
227 @code{t}, gives the behavior described in @ref{Indentation}. If you
228 change the value to the symbol @code{complete}, then @key{TAB} first
229 tries to indent the current line, and if the line was already
230 indented, it tries to complete the text at point (@pxref{Symbol
231 Completion}). If the value is @code{nil}, then @key{TAB} indents the
232 current line only if point is at the left margin or in the line's
233 indentation; otherwise, it inserts a tab character.
235 @cindex Electric Indent mode
236 @cindex mode, Electric Indent
237 @findex electric-indent-mode
238 Electric Indent mode is a global minor mode that automatically
239 indents the line after every @key{RET} you type. To toggle this minor
240 mode, type @kbd{M-x electric-indent-mode}.