1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
4 @node Indentation, Text, Major Modes, Top
7 @cindex columns (indentation)
9 This chapter describes the Emacs commands that add, remove, or
14 Indent the current line ``appropriately'' in a mode-dependent fashion.
16 Perform @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}).
18 Merge the previous and the current line (@code{delete-indentation}).
19 This would cancel the effect of a preceding @kbd{C-j}.
21 Split the current line at point; text on the line after point becomes a
22 new line indented to the same column where point is located
25 Move (forward or back) to the first nonblank character on the current
26 line (@code{back-to-indentation}).
28 Indent lines in the region to the same column (@code{indent-region}).
30 Shift lines in the region rigidly right or left (@code{indent-rigidly}).
32 Indent from point to the next prespecified tab stop column
33 (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}).
34 @item M-x indent-relative
35 Indent from point to under an indentation point in the previous line.
38 Emacs supports four general categories of operations that could all
39 be called `indentation':
43 Insert a tab character. You can type @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to do this.
45 A tab character is displayed as a stretch of whitespace which extends
46 to the next display tab stop position, and the default width of a tab
47 stop is eight. @xref{Display Custom}, for more details.
50 Insert whitespace up to the next tab stop. You can set tab stops at
51 your choice of column positions, then type @kbd{M-i} to advance to the
52 next tab stop. The default tab stop settings have a tab stop every
53 eight columns, which means by default @kbd{M-i} inserts a tab
54 character. To set the tab stops, use @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops}.
57 Align a line with the previous line. More precisely, the command
58 @kbd{M-x indent-relative} indents the current line under the beginning
59 of some word in the previous line. In Fundamental mode and in Text
60 mode, @key{TAB} runs the command @code{indent-relative}.
63 The most sophisticated method is @dfn{syntax-driven indentation}.
64 Most programming languages have an indentation convention. For Lisp
65 code, lines are indented according to their nesting in parentheses. C
66 code uses the same general idea, but many details are different.
69 Type @key{TAB} to do syntax-driven indentation, in a mode that
70 supports it. It realigns the current line according with the syntax
71 of the preceding lines. No matter where in the line you are when you
72 type @key{TAB}, it aligns the line as a whole.
75 Normally, most of the above methods insert an optimal mix of tabs and
76 spaces to align to the desired column. @xref{Just Spaces}, for how to
77 disable use of tabs. However, @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} always inserts a
78 tab, even when tabs are disabled for the indentation commands.
81 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
82 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
83 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
84 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.
87 @node Indentation Commands, Tab Stops, Indentation, Indentation
88 @section Indentation Commands and Techniques
91 @findex back-to-indentation
92 To move over the indentation on a line, do @kbd{M-m}
93 (@code{back-to-indentation}). This command, given anywhere on a line,
94 positions point at the first nonblank character on the line, if any,
95 or else at the end of the line.
97 To insert an indented line before the current line, do @kbd{C-a C-o
98 @key{TAB}}. To make an indented line after the current line, use
101 If you just want to insert a tab character in the buffer, you can type
106 @kbd{C-M-o} (@code{split-line}) moves the text from point to the end of
107 the line vertically down, so that the current line becomes two lines.
108 @kbd{C-M-o} first moves point forward over any spaces and tabs. Then it
109 inserts after point a newline and enough indentation to reach the same
110 column point is on. Point remains before the inserted newline; in this
111 regard, @kbd{C-M-o} resembles @kbd{C-o}.
114 @findex delete-indentation
115 To join two lines cleanly, use the @kbd{M-^}
116 (@code{delete-indentation}) command. It deletes the indentation at the
117 front of the current line, and the line boundary as well, replacing them
118 with a single space. As a special case (useful for Lisp code) the
119 single space is omitted if the characters to be joined are consecutive
120 open parentheses or closing parentheses, or if the junction follows
121 another newline. To delete just the indentation of a line, go to the
122 beginning of the line and use @kbd{M-\}
123 (@code{delete-horizontal-space}), which deletes all spaces and tabs
126 If you have a fill prefix, @kbd{M-^} deletes the fill prefix if it
127 appears after the newline that is deleted. @xref{Fill Prefix}.
131 @findex indent-region
132 @findex indent-rigidly
133 There are also commands for changing the indentation of several lines
134 at once. They apply to all the lines that begin in the region.
135 @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) indents each line in the ``usual''
136 way, as if you had typed @key{TAB} at the beginning of the line. A
137 numeric argument specifies the column to indent to, and each line is
138 shifted left or right so that its first nonblank character appears in
139 that column. @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} (@code{indent-rigidly}) moves all of
140 the lines in the region right by its argument (left, for negative
141 arguments). The whole group of lines moves rigidly sideways, which is
142 how the command gets its name.@refill
144 @cindex remove indentation
145 If you want to remove all indentation from all of the line in the
146 region, invoke @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} with a large negative argument,
149 @findex indent-relative
150 @kbd{M-x indent-relative} indents at point based on the previous line
151 (actually, the last nonempty line). It inserts whitespace at point, moving
152 point, until it is underneath the next indentation point in the previous line.
153 An indentation point is the end of a sequence of whitespace or the end of
154 the line. If point is farther right than any indentation point in the
155 previous line, @code{indent-relative} runs @code{tab-to-tab-stop}
162 unless it is called with a numeric argument, in which case it does
165 @xref{Format Indentation}, for another way of specifying the
166 indentation for part of your text.
168 @node Tab Stops, Just Spaces, Indentation Commands, Indentation
172 @cindex using tab stops in making tables
173 @cindex tables, indentation for
175 @findex tab-to-tab-stop
176 For typing in tables, you can use @kbd{M-i} (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}).
177 This command inserts indentation before point, enough to reach the
178 next tab stop column.
180 @findex edit-tab-stops
181 @findex edit-tab-stops-note-changes
182 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Tab Stops)}
183 @vindex tab-stop-list
184 You can specify the tab stops used by @kbd{M-i}. They are stored in a
185 variable called @code{tab-stop-list}, as a list of column-numbers in
188 The convenient way to set the tab stops is with @kbd{M-x
189 edit-tab-stops}, which creates and selects a buffer containing a
190 description of the tab stop settings. You can edit this buffer to
191 specify different tab stops, and then type @kbd{C-c C-c} to make those
192 new tab stops take effect. The buffer uses Overwrite mode
193 (@pxref{Minor Modes}). @code{edit-tab-stops} records which buffer was
194 current when you invoked it, and stores the tab stops back in that
195 buffer; normally all buffers share the same tab stops and changing
196 them in one buffer affects all, but if you happen to make
197 @code{tab-stop-list} local in one buffer then @code{edit-tab-stops} in
198 that buffer will edit the local settings.
200 Here is what the text representing the tab stops looks like for ordinary
201 tab stops every eight columns.
206 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
207 To install changes, type C-c C-c
210 The first line contains a colon at each tab stop. The remaining lines
211 are present just to help you see where the colons are and know what to do.
213 Note that the tab stops that control @code{tab-to-tab-stop} have nothing
214 to do with displaying tab characters in the buffer. @xref{Display Custom},
215 for more information on that.
217 @node Just Spaces,, Tab Stops, Indentation
218 @section Tabs vs. Spaces
220 @vindex indent-tabs-mode
221 Emacs normally uses both tabs and spaces to indent lines. If you
222 prefer, all indentation can be made from spaces only. To request
223 this, set @code{indent-tabs-mode} to @code{nil}. This is a per-buffer
224 variable, so altering the variable affects only the current buffer,
225 but there is a default value which you can change as well.
228 A tab is not always displayed in the same way. By default, tabs are
229 eight columns wide, but some people like to customize their tools to
230 use a different tab width. So by using spaces only, you can make sure
231 that your file looks the same regardless of the tab width setting.
235 There are also commands to convert tabs to spaces or vice versa, always
236 preserving the columns of all nonblank text. @kbd{M-x tabify} scans the
237 region for sequences of spaces, and converts sequences of at least two
238 spaces to tabs if that can be done without changing indentation. @kbd{M-x
239 untabify} changes all tabs in the region to appropriate numbers of spaces.
242 arch-tag: acc07de7-ae11-4ee8-a159-cb59c473f0fb