1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
4 @node Major Modes, Indentation, International, Top
8 @kindex TAB @r{(and major modes)}
9 @kindex DEL @r{(and major modes)}
10 @kindex C-j @r{(and major modes)}
12 Emacs provides many alternative @dfn{major modes}, each of which
13 customizes Emacs for editing text of a particular sort. The major modes
14 are mutually exclusive, and each buffer has one major mode at any time.
15 The mode line normally shows the name of the current major mode, in
16 parentheses (@pxref{Mode Line}).
18 The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}.
19 This mode has no mode-specific redefinitions or variable settings, so
20 that each Emacs command behaves in its most general manner, and each
21 user option variable is in its default state. For editing text of a
22 specific type that Emacs knows about, such as Lisp code or English
23 text, you should switch to the appropriate major mode, such as Lisp
26 Selecting a major mode changes the meanings of a few keys to become
27 more specifically adapted to the language being edited. The ones that
28 are changed frequently are @key{TAB}, @key{DEL}, and @kbd{C-j}. The
29 prefix key @kbd{C-c} normally contains mode-specific commands. In
30 addition, the commands which handle comments use the mode to determine
31 how comments are to be delimited. Many major modes redefine the
32 syntactical properties of characters appearing in the buffer.
35 The major modes fall into three major groups. The first group
36 contains modes for normal text, either plain or with mark-up. It
37 includes Text mode, HTML mode, SGML mode, @TeX{} mode and Outline
38 mode. The second group contains modes for specific programming
39 languages. These include Lisp mode (which has several variants), C
40 mode, Fortran mode, and others. The remaining major modes are not
41 intended for use on users' files; they are used in buffers created for
42 specific purposes by Emacs, such as Dired mode for buffers made by
43 Dired (@pxref{Dired}), Mail mode for buffers made by @kbd{C-x m}
44 (@pxref{Sending Mail}), and Shell mode for buffers used for
45 communicating with an inferior shell process (@pxref{Interactive
48 Most programming-language major modes specify that only blank lines
49 separate paragraphs. This is to make the paragraph commands useful.
50 (@xref{Paragraphs}.) They also cause Auto Fill mode to use the
51 definition of @key{TAB} to indent the new lines it creates. This is
52 because most lines in a program are usually indented
53 (@pxref{Indentation}).
56 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
59 @node Choosing Modes,,Major Modes,Major Modes
60 @section How Major Modes are Chosen
62 @cindex choosing a major mode
63 You can select a major mode explicitly for the current buffer, but
64 most of the time Emacs determines which mode to use based on the file
65 name or on special text in the file.
67 Explicit selection of a new major mode is done with a @kbd{M-x} command.
68 From the name of a major mode, add @code{-mode} to get the name of a
69 command to select that mode. Thus, you can enter Lisp mode by executing
72 @vindex auto-mode-alist
73 When you visit a file, Emacs usually chooses the right major mode based
74 on the file's name. For example, files whose names end in @samp{.c} are
75 edited in C mode. The correspondence between file names and major modes is
76 controlled by the variable @code{auto-mode-alist}. Its value is a list in
77 which each element has this form,
80 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function})
87 (@var{regexp} @var{mode-function} @var{flag})
91 For example, one element normally found in the list has the form
92 @code{(@t{"\\.c\\'"} . c-mode)}, and it is responsible for selecting C
93 mode for files whose names end in @file{.c}. (Note that @samp{\\} is
94 needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in the string, which must
95 be used to suppress the special meaning of @samp{.} in regexps.) If
96 the element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} @var{mode-function}
97 @var{flag})} and @var{flag} is non-@code{nil}, then after calling
98 @var{mode-function}, Emacs discards the suffix that matched
99 @var{regexp} and searches the list again for another match.
101 @vindex magic-mode-alist
102 Sometimes the major mode is determined from the way the file's text
103 begins. The variable @code{magic-mode-alist} controls this. Its value
104 is a list of elements of this form:
107 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function})
111 This looks like an element of @code{auto-mode-alist}, but it doesn't work
112 the same: this @var{regexp} is matched against the text at the start
113 of the buffer, not against the file name. @code{magic-mode-alist}
114 takes priority over @code{auto-mode-alist}.
116 You can specify the major mode to use for editing a certain file by
117 special text in the first nonblank line of the file. The
118 mode name should appear in this line both preceded and followed by
119 @samp{-*-}. Other text may appear on the line as well. For example,
126 tells Emacs to use Lisp mode. Such an explicit specification overrides
127 any defaults based on the file name. Note how the semicolon is used
128 to make Lisp treat this line as a comment.
130 Another format of mode specification is
133 -*- mode: @var{modename};-*-
137 which allows you to specify local variables as well, like this:
140 -*- mode: @var{modename}; @var{var}: @var{value}; @dots{} -*-
144 @xref{File Variables}, for more information about this.
146 @vindex interpreter-mode-alist
147 When a file's contents begin with @samp{#!}, it can serve as an
148 executable shell command, which works by running an interpreter named on
149 the file's first line. The rest of the file is used as input to the
152 When you visit such a file in Emacs, if the file's name does not
153 specify a major mode, Emacs uses the interpreter name on the first line
154 to choose a mode. If the first line is the name of a recognized
155 interpreter program, such as @samp{perl} or @samp{tcl}, Emacs uses a
156 mode appropriate for programs for that interpreter. The variable
157 @code{interpreter-mode-alist} specifies the correspondence between
158 interpreter program names and major modes.
160 When the first line starts with @samp{#!}, you cannot (on many
161 systems) use the @samp{-*-} feature on the first line, because the
162 system would get confused when running the interpreter. So Emacs looks
163 for @samp{-*-} on the second line in such files as well as on the
166 @vindex default-major-mode
167 When you visit a file that does not specify a major mode to use, or
168 when you create a new buffer with @kbd{C-x b}, the variable
169 @code{default-major-mode} specifies which major mode to use. Normally
170 its value is the symbol @code{fundamental-mode}, which specifies
171 Fundamental mode. If @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, the major
172 mode is taken from the previously current buffer.
175 If you change the major mode of a buffer, you can go back to the major
176 mode Emacs would choose automatically: use the command @kbd{M-x
177 normal-mode} to do this. This is the same function that
178 @code{find-file} calls to choose the major mode. It also processes
179 the file's local variables list (if any).
181 @vindex change-major-mode-with-file-name
182 The commands @kbd{C-x C-w} and @code{set-visited-file-name} change to
183 a new major mode if the new file name implies a mode (@pxref{Saving}).
184 (@kbd{C-x C-s} does this too, if the buffer wasn't visiting a file.)
185 However, this does not happen if the buffer contents specify a major
186 mode, and certain ``special'' major modes do not allow the mode to
187 change. You can turn off this mode-changing feature by setting
188 @code{change-major-mode-with-file-name} to @code{nil}.
191 arch-tag: f2558800-cf32-4839-8acb-7d3b4df2a155