1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2004,
3 @c 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
5 @node Entering Emacs, Exiting, Text Characters, Top
6 @chapter Entering and Exiting Emacs
10 The usual way to invoke Emacs is with the shell command @command{emacs}.
11 Emacs clears the screen and then displays an initial help message and
12 copyright notice. Some operating systems discard all type-ahead when
13 Emacs starts up; they give Emacs no way to prevent this. Therefore, it
14 is advisable to wait until Emacs clears the screen before typing your
15 first editing command.
17 If you run Emacs from a shell window under the X Window System, run it
18 in the background with @command{emacs&}. This way, Emacs does not tie up
19 the shell window, so you can use that to run other shell commands while
20 Emacs operates its own X windows. You can begin typing Emacs commands
21 as soon as you direct your keyboard input to the Emacs frame.
23 @vindex initial-major-mode
24 When Emacs starts up, it creates a buffer named @samp{*scratch*}.
25 That's the buffer you start out in. The @samp{*scratch*} buffer uses Lisp
26 Interaction mode; you can use it to type Lisp expressions and evaluate
27 them, or you can ignore that capability and simply doodle. (You can
28 specify a different major mode for this buffer by setting the variable
29 @code{initial-major-mode} in your init file. @xref{Init File}.)
31 It is possible to specify files to be visited, Lisp files to be
32 loaded, and functions to be called, by giving Emacs arguments in the
33 shell command line. @xref{Emacs Invocation}. But we don't recommend
34 doing this. The feature exists mainly for compatibility with other
37 Many other editors are designed to be started afresh each time you
38 want to edit. You edit one file and then exit the editor. The next
39 time you want to edit either another file or the same one, you must run
40 the editor again. With these editors, it makes sense to use a
41 command-line argument to say which file to edit.
43 But starting a new Emacs each time you want to edit a different file
44 does not make sense. This would fail to take advantage of Emacs's
45 ability to visit more than one file in a single editing session, and
46 it would lose the other accumulated context, such as the kill ring,
47 registers, undo history, and mark ring, that are useful for operating
50 The recommended way to use GNU Emacs is to start it only once, just
51 after you log in, and do all your editing in the same Emacs session.
52 Each time you want to edit a different file, you visit it with the
53 existing Emacs, which eventually comes to have many files in it ready
54 for editing. Usually you do not kill the Emacs until you are about to
55 log out. @xref{Files}, for more information on visiting more than one
58 If you want to edit a file from another program and already have
59 Emacs running, you can use the @command{emacsclient} program to open a
60 file in the already running Emacs. @xref{Emacs Server}, for more
61 information on editing files with Emacs from other programs.
67 @node Exiting, Basic, Entering Emacs, Top
68 @section Exiting Emacs
73 @cindex quitting Emacs
75 There are two commands for exiting Emacs because there are three
76 kinds of exiting: @dfn{suspending} Emacs, @dfn{Iconifying} Emacs, and
79 @dfn{Suspending} means stopping Emacs temporarily and returning
80 control to its parent process (usually a shell), allowing you to resume
81 editing later in the same Emacs job, with the same buffers, same kill
82 ring, same undo history, and so on. This is the usual way to exit Emacs
83 when running on a text terminal.
85 @dfn{Iconifying} means replacing the Emacs frame with a small box
86 somewhere on the screen. This is the usual way to exit Emacs when you're
87 using a graphics terminal.
89 @dfn{Killing} Emacs means destroying the Emacs job. You can run Emacs
90 again later, but you will get a fresh Emacs; there is no way to resume
91 the same editing session after it has been killed.
95 Suspend Emacs (@code{suspend-emacs}) or iconify a frame
96 (@code{iconify-or-deiconify-frame}).
98 Kill Emacs (@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}).
102 @findex suspend-emacs
103 To suspend or iconify Emacs, type @kbd{C-z} (@code{suspend-emacs}).
104 On text terminals, this suspends Emacs. On graphics terminals,
105 it iconifies the Emacs frame.
107 Suspending Emacs takes you back to the shell from which you invoked
108 Emacs. You can resume Emacs with the shell command @command{%emacs}
109 in most common shells. On systems that don't support suspending
110 programs, @kbd{C-z} starts an inferior shell that communicates
111 directly with the terminal. Emacs waits until you exit the subshell.
112 (The way to do that is probably with @kbd{C-d} or @command{exit}, but
113 it depends on which shell you use.) The only way on these systems to
114 get back to the shell from which Emacs was run (to log out, for
115 example) is to kill Emacs.
117 Suspending can fail if you run Emacs under a shell that doesn't
118 support suspending programs, even if the system itself does support
119 it. In such a case, you can set the variable @code{cannot-suspend} to
120 a non-@code{nil} value to force @kbd{C-z} to start an inferior shell.
121 (One might also describe Emacs's parent shell as ``inferior'' for
122 failing to support job control properly, but that is a matter of
125 On graphics terminals, @kbd{C-z} has a different meaning: it runs
126 the command @code{iconify-or-deiconify-frame}, which temporarily
127 iconifies (or ``minimizes'') the selected Emacs frame
128 (@pxref{Frames}). Then you can use the window manager to get back to
132 @findex save-buffers-kill-emacs
133 To exit and kill Emacs, type @kbd{C-x C-c}
134 (@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}). A two-character key is used for
135 this to make it harder to type by accident. This command first offers
136 to save any modified file-visiting buffers. If you do not save them
137 all, it asks for reconfirmation with @kbd{yes} before killing Emacs,
138 since any changes not saved will be lost forever. Also, if any
139 subprocesses are still running, @kbd{C-x C-c} asks for confirmation
140 about them, since killing Emacs will also kill the subprocesses.
142 @vindex confirm-kill-emacs
143 If the value of the variable @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is
144 non-@code{nil}, @kbd{C-x C-c} assumes that its value is a predicate
145 function, and calls that function. If the result is non-@code{nil}, the
146 session is killed, otherwise Emacs continues to run. One convenient
147 function to use as the value of @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is the
148 function @code{yes-or-no-p}. The default value of
149 @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is @code{nil}.
151 There is no way to resume an Emacs session once you have killed it.
152 You can, however, arrange for Emacs to record certain session
153 information when you kill it, such as which files are visited, so that
154 the next time you start Emacs it will try to visit the same files and
155 so on. @xref{Saving Emacs Sessions}.
157 The operating system usually listens for certain special characters
158 whose meaning is to kill or suspend the program you are running.
159 @b{This operating system feature is turned off while you are in Emacs.}
160 The meanings of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-x C-c} as keys in Emacs were
161 inspired by the use of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c} on several operating
162 systems as the characters for stopping or killing a program, but that is
163 their only relationship with the operating system. You can customize
164 these keys to run any commands of your choice (@pxref{Keymaps}).
171 arch-tag: df798d8b-f253-4113-b585-f528f078a944