1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 1997, 2001-2014 Free Software
4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
9 @cindex columns (indentation)
11 @cindex whitespace character
12 @dfn{Indentation} refers to inserting or adjusting @dfn{whitespace
13 characters} (space and/or tab characters) at the beginning of a line
14 of text. This chapter documents indentation commands and options
15 which are common to Text mode and related modes, as well as
16 programming language modes. @xref{Program Indent}, for additional
17 documentation about indenting in programming modes.
19 @findex indent-for-tab-command
20 @kindex TAB @r{(indentation)}
21 The simplest way to perform indentation is the @key{TAB} key. In
22 most major modes, this runs the command @code{indent-for-tab-command}.
23 (In C and related modes, @key{TAB} runs the command
24 @code{c-indent-line-or-region}, which behaves similarly).
28 Insert whitespace, or indent the current line, in a mode-appropriate
29 way (@code{indent-for-tab-command}). If the region is active, indent
30 all the lines within it.
33 The exact behavior of @key{TAB} depends on the major mode. In Text
34 mode and related major modes, @key{TAB} normally inserts some
35 combination of space and tab characters to advance point to the next
36 tab stop (@pxref{Tab Stops}). For this purpose, the position of the
37 first non-whitespace character on the preceding line is treated as an
38 additional tab stop, so you can use @key{TAB} to ``align'' point with
39 the preceding line. If the region is active (@pxref{Using Region}),
40 @key{TAB} acts specially: it indents each line in the region so that
41 its first non-whitespace character is aligned with the preceding line.
43 In programming modes, @key{TAB} indents the current line of code in
44 a way that makes sense given the code in the preceding lines. If the
45 region is active, all the lines in the region are indented this way.
46 If point was initially within the current line's indentation, it is
47 repositioned to the first non-whitespace character on the line.
49 If you just want to insert a tab character in the buffer, type
50 @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} (@pxref{Inserting Text}).
53 * Indentation Commands:: More commands for performing indentation.
54 * Tab Stops:: Stop points for indentation in Text modes.
55 * Just Spaces:: Using only space characters for indentation.
56 * Indent Convenience:: Optional indentation features.
59 @node Indentation Commands
60 @section Indentation Commands
62 Apart from the @key{TAB} (@code{indent-for-tab-command}) command,
63 Emacs provides a variety of commands to perform indentation in other
70 Split the current line at point (@code{split-line}). The text on the
71 line after point becomes a new line, indented to the same column where
72 point is located. This command first moves point forward over any
73 spaces and tabs. Afterward, point is positioned before the inserted
77 @findex back-to-indentation
79 Move (forward or back) to the first non-whitespace character on the
80 current line (@code{back-to-indentation}). If there are no
81 non-whitespace characters on the line, move to the end of the line.
85 @findex tab-to-tab-stop
86 Indent whitespace at point, up to the next tab stop
87 (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}). @xref{Tab Stops}.
89 @findex indent-relative
90 @item M-x indent-relative
91 Insert whitespace at point, until point is aligned with the first
92 non-whitespace character on the previous line (actually, the last
93 non-blank line). If point is already farther right than that, run
94 @code{tab-to-tab-stop} instead---unless called with a numeric
95 argument, in which case do nothing.
99 @findex delete-indentation
100 Merge the previous and the current line (@code{delete-indentation}).
101 This ``joins'' the two lines cleanly, by replacing any indentation at
102 the front of the current line, together with the line boundary, with a
105 As a special case (useful for Lisp code), the single space is omitted
106 if the characters to be joined are consecutive opening and closing
107 parentheses, or if the junction follows another newline.
109 If there is a fill prefix, @kbd{M-^} deletes the fill prefix if it
110 appears after the newline that is deleted. @xref{Fill Prefix}.
114 @findex indent-region
115 Indent all the lines in the region, as though you had typed @key{TAB}
116 at the beginning of each line (@code{indent-region}).
118 If a numeric argument is supplied, indent every line in the region to
123 @findex indent-rigidly
124 @cindex remove indentation
125 This command is used to change the indentation of all lines that begin
126 in the region, moving the affected lines as a ``rigid'' unit.
128 If called with no argument, the command activates a transient mode for
129 adjusting the indentation of the affected lines interactively. While
130 this transient mode is active, typing @key{LEFT} or @key{RIGHT}
131 indents leftward and rightward, respectively, by one space. You can
132 also type @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} or @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} to indent leftward
133 or rightward to the next tab stop (@pxref{Tab Stops}). Typing any
134 other key disables the transient mode, and resumes normal editing.
136 If called with a prefix argument @var{n}, this command indents the
137 lines forward by @var{n} spaces (without enabling the transient mode).
138 Negative values of @var{n} indent backward, so you can remove all
139 indentation from the lines in the region using a large negative
143 C-u -999 C-x @key{TAB}
151 @vindex tab-stop-list
152 Emacs defines certain column numbers to be @dfn{tab stops}. These
153 are used as stopping points by @key{TAB} when inserting whitespace in
154 Text mode and related modes (@pxref{Indentation}), and by commands
155 like @kbd{M-i} (@pxref{Indentation Commands}). The variable
156 @code{tab-stop-list} controls these positions. The default value is
157 @code{nil}, which means a tab stop every 8 columns. The value can
158 also be a list of zero-based column numbers (in increasing order) at
159 which to place tab stops. Emacs extends the list forever by repeating
160 the difference between the last and next-to-last elements.
162 @findex edit-tab-stops
163 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Tab Stops)}
164 Instead of customizing the variable @code{tab-stop-list} directly, a
165 convenient way to view and set tab stops is via the command @kbd{M-x
166 edit-tab-stops}. This switches to a buffer containing a description
167 of the tab stop settings, which looks like this:
172 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
173 To install changes, type C-c C-c
177 The first line contains a colon at each tab stop. The numbers on the
178 next two lines are present just to indicate where the colons are.
179 If the value of @code{tab-stop-list} is @code{nil}, as it is by default,
180 no colons are displayed initially.
182 You can edit this buffer to specify different tab stops by placing
183 colons on the desired columns. The buffer uses Overwrite mode
184 (@pxref{Minor Modes}). Remember that Emacs will extend the list of
185 tab stops forever by repeating the difference between the last two
186 explicit stops that you place. When you are done, type @kbd{C-c C-c} to make
187 the new tab stops take effect. Normally, the new tab stop settings
188 apply to all buffers. However, if you have made the
189 @code{tab-stop-list} variable local to the buffer where you called
190 @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops} (@pxref{Locals}), then the new tab stop
191 settings apply only to that buffer. To save the tab stop settings for
192 future Emacs sessions, use the Customize interface to save the value
193 of @code{tab-stop-list} (@pxref{Easy Customization}).
195 Note that the tab stops discussed in this section have nothing to do
196 with how tab characters are displayed in the buffer. Tab characters
197 are always displayed as empty spaces extending to the next
198 @dfn{display tab stop}. @xref{Text Display}.
201 @section Tabs vs. Spaces
204 Normally, indentation commands insert (or remove) an optimal mix of
205 space characters and tab characters to align to the desired column.
206 Tab characters are displayed as a stretch of empty space extending to
207 the next @dfn{display tab stop}. By default, there is one display tab
208 stop every @code{tab-width} columns (the default is 8). @xref{Text
211 @vindex indent-tabs-mode
212 If you prefer, all indentation can be made from spaces only. To
213 request this, set the buffer-local variable @code{indent-tabs-mode} to
214 @code{nil}. @xref{Locals}, for information about setting buffer-local
215 variables. Note, however, that @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} always inserts a
216 tab character, regardless of the value of @code{indent-tabs-mode}.
218 One reason to set @code{indent-tabs-mode} to @code{nil} is that not
219 all editors display tab characters in the same way. Emacs users, too,
220 may have different customized values of @code{tab-width}. By using
221 spaces only, you can make sure that your file always looks the same.
222 If you only care about how it looks within Emacs, another way to
223 tackle this problem is to set the @code{tab-width} variable in a
224 file-local variable (@pxref{File Variables}).
228 There are also commands to convert tabs to spaces or vice versa, always
229 preserving the columns of all non-whitespace text. @kbd{M-x tabify} scans the
230 region for sequences of spaces, and converts sequences of at least two
231 spaces to tabs if that can be done without changing indentation. @kbd{M-x
232 untabify} changes all tabs in the region to appropriate numbers of spaces.
234 @node Indent Convenience
235 @section Convenience Features for Indentation
237 @vindex tab-always-indent
238 The variable @code{tab-always-indent} tweaks the behavior of the
239 @key{TAB} (@code{indent-for-tab-command}) command. The default value,
240 @code{t}, gives the behavior described in @ref{Indentation}. If you
241 change the value to the symbol @code{complete}, then @key{TAB} first
242 tries to indent the current line, and if the line was already
243 indented, it tries to complete the text at point (@pxref{Symbol
244 Completion}). If the value is @code{nil}, then @key{TAB} indents the
245 current line only if point is at the left margin or in the line's
246 indentation; otherwise, it inserts a tab character.
248 @cindex Electric Indent mode
249 @cindex mode, Electric Indent
250 @findex electric-indent-mode
251 Electric Indent mode is a global minor mode that automatically
252 indents the line after every @key{RET} you type. This mode is enabled
253 by default. To toggle this minor mode, type @kbd{M-x
254 electric-indent-mode}. To toggle the mode in a single buffer,
255 use @kbd{M-x electric-indent-local-mode}.